Ocean–atmosphere exchange of organic carbon and CO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; surrounding the Antarctic Peninsula

Ruíz‐Halpern, Sergio; Calleja, María Ll.; Dachs, Jordi; Vento, Sabino Del; Pastor, Marcos Lafoz; Palmer, Miquel; Agustı́, Susana; Duarte, Carlos M.

doi:10.5194/bg-11-2755-2014

Cited by 24 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…Across the WAP shelf, carbonate system parameters show strong onshore-offshore gradients in the upper ocean during summer, with low DIC and fCO 2 and high pH and aragonite saturation state in near-shore waters, due to strong biological carbon uptake, especially in the southern WAP subregion ( Figure 8) (Carrillo et al 2004;Hauri et al 2015;Ruiz-Halpern et al 2014). The degree of summertime DIC and fCO 2 drawdown is closely related to phytoplankton biomass and primary production (Moreau et al 2012), which are regulated by winter sea ice coverage and wind patterns during spring (Montes-Hugo et al 2010).…”

Section: Nutrient Biogeochemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Variability and change in the west Antarctic Peninsula marine system: Research priorities and opportunities

Henley

Schofield

Hendry

et al. 2019

Progress in Oceanography

110

115

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The west Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) region has undergone significant changes in temperature and seasonal ice dynamics since the mid-twentieth century, with strong impacts on the regional ecosystem, ocean chemistry and hydrographic properties. Changes to these long-term trends of warming and sea ice decline have been observed in the 21 st century, but their consequences for ocean physics, chemistry and the ecology of the high-productivity shelf ecosystem are yet to be fully established. The WAP shelf is important for regional krill stocks and higher trophic levels, whilst the degree of variability and change in the physical environment and documented biological and biogeochemical responses make this a model system for how climate and sea ice changes might restructure high-latitude ecosystems. Although this region is arguably the best-measured and bestunderstood shelf region around Antarctica, significant gaps remain in spatial and temporal data capable of resolving the atmosphere-ice-ocean-ecosystem feedbacks that control the dynamics and evolution of this complex polar system. Here we summarise the current state of knowledge regarding the key mechanisms and interactions regulating the physical, biogeochemical and biological processes at work, the ways in which the shelf environment is changing, and the ecosystem response to the changes underway. We outline the overarching cross-disciplinary priorities for future research, as well as the most important discipline-specific objectives. Underpinning these priorities and objectives is the need to better-define the causes, magnitude and timescales of variability and change at all levels of the system. A combination of traditional and innovative approaches will be critical to addressing these priorities and developing a coordinated observing system for the WAP shelf, which is required to detect and elucidate change into the future.

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Section: Nutrient Biogeochemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Variability and change in the west Antarctic Peninsula marine system: Research priorities and opportunities

Henley

Schofield

Hendry

et al. 2019

Progress in Oceanography

110

115

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“…Water depth was correlated to EDOC concentrations during spring tide ( r 2 = 0.74), mid tide ( r 2 = 0.39), and neap tide ( r 2 = 0.42), where low tides had the highest flux from water to air throughout the study. Observations in a subarctic fjord, a Mediterranean bay and the Antarctic were similar in both magnitude and direction, with EDOC flux oscillating between production and uptake (Ruiz‐Halpern et al 2014 a , b ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…The solution adopted by Dachs et al (2005) is to collectively measure VOCs and SOCs as EDOC if measured in water, and as gaseous organic carbon (GOC) if measured in air. This approach is comparable to that of conventional DOC analysis to operationally quantify these compounds (Ruiz-Halpern et al 2014a) and provides a total measure of carbon that is exchangeable between the air and water.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The estimated VOC evasion from the ocean surface to the atmosphere is 4.9-5 Tg C a 21 (Guenther et al 1995;Ehhalt 2001). However, these estimates are based largely on the exchange of major compounds and may not account for a significant fraction of VOCs and SOCs present in the atmosphere or ocean (Goldstein and Galbally 2007;Ruiz-Halpern et al 2014a). For example, Park et al (2013) found that the 10 major compounds measured in most VOC assessments accounted for only 63% of total VOCs in a forested valley.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Mangrove outwelling is a significant source of oceanic exchangeable organic carbon

Sippo

Maher

Tait

et al. 2017

Limnol Oceanogr Letters

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Exchangeable dissolved organic carbon (EDOC) makes up a significant proportion of the oceanic dissolved organic carbon (DOC) pool, yet EDOC sources to the coastal ocean are poorly constrained. We measured the exchange of EDOC and concentrations of EDOC and DOC in mangrove waters over a 268 latitudinal gradient. A clear latitudinal trend was observed, with the highest EDOC concentrations in the tropics. EDOC exports to the coastal ocean were 4.7 6 1.9 mmol m 22 d 21 , equivalent to 11% of DOC exports (42.1 6 6.7 mmol m 22 d 21). Pore-water and groundwater exchange were minor sources of EDOC. EDOC concentrations were equal to 13% 6 4% of DOC concentrations. Based on previous global DOC export estimates, and our EDOC : DOC ratios, mangroves outwell 3.1 Tg C yr 21 as EDOC, equivalent to 60% of the global EDOC flux from the ocean to the atmosphere. However, seasonality of mangrove EDOC cycling requires further research.Exchangeable dissolved organic carbon (EDOC) consists of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and semi-volatile organic compounds (SOCs) which are ubiquitous carbon species that play a major role in global tropospheric chemistry and the global carbon cycle (Fehsenfeld et al. 1992;Fuentes et al. 2000). Sources of VOCs and SOCs can be both anthropogenic and biogenic. Anthropogenic VOC and SOC production occurs during fossil fuel combustion, industrial chemical production, and waste processing (Fuentes et al. 2000). Biogenic VOC and SOC emissions from terrestrial vegetation accounts for the vast majority of the inputs to the atmosphere (Guenther et al. 1995;Laothawornkitkul et al. 2009). The atmospheric exchange of marine biogenic VOCs and SOCs has also been identified as both an important sink *Correspondence: j.sippo.11@student.scu.edu.au Author Contribution Statement: IS, DM, and SR-H came up with the research question and designed the study approach. DT led the field survey for five of the six sites and DM and SR-H led the field survey for one site. All authors helped with data analysis and writing of the manuscript. JS helped to collect the data, analyzed the data, and wrote the manuscript.Data Availability Statement: All data from this study are attached in a supplementary file and are separately loaded in the Dryad database at doi: 10.5061/dryad.cq91s.This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes. Scientific Significance StatementExchangeable dissolved organic carbon (EDOC) consists of volatile and semi volatile organic compounds which are globally ubiquitous carbon species and play an important role in atmospheric chemistry. However, no studies have quantified EDOC outwelling from mangrove forests, in spite of these systems contributing > 10% of the terrestrially derived dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to the ocean. By measuring EDOC and DOC outwelling from a mangrove tidal creek and conc...

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“…Grant et al (2011) also measured (i-and n-) butane and (i-and n-) pentane, which were of even lower abundance. Salisbury et al (2001) reported the mixing ratios of a large range of alkenes from Mace Head. The most abundant alkenes, ethene and propene, had mean mixing ratios of about 0.05 and 0.06 ppb C, respectively.…”

Section: Attempting a Toc Budget Closurementioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of atmospheric total organic carbon (TOC) – paving the path towards carbon budget closure

Yang

Fleming

2019

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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Abstract. The atmosphere contains a rich variety of reactive organic compounds, including gaseous volatile organic carbon (VOCs), carbonaceous aerosols, and other organic compounds at varying volatility. Here we present a novel and simple approach to measure atmospheric non-methane total organic carbon (TOC) based on catalytic oxidation of organics in bulk air to carbon dioxide. This method shows little sensitivity towards humidity and near 100 % oxidation efficiencies for all VOCs tested. We estimate a best-case hourly precision of 8 ppb C during times of low ambient variability in carbon dioxide, methane, and carbon monoxide (CO). As proof of concept of this approach, we show measurements of TOC+CO during August–September 2016 from a coastal city in the southwest United Kingdom. TOC+CO was substantially elevated during the day on weekdays (occasionally over 2 ppm C) as a result of local anthropogenic activity. On weekends and holidays, with a mean (standard error) of 102 (8) ppb C, TOC+CO was lower and showed much less diurnal variability. TOC+CO was significantly lower when winds were coming off the Atlantic Ocean than when winds were coming off land if we exclude the weekday daytime. By subtracting the estimated CO from TOC+CO, we constrain the mean (uncertainty) TOC in Atlantic-dominated air masses to be around 23 (±≥8) ppb C during this period. A proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometer (PTR-MS) was deployed at the same time, detecting a large range of organic compounds (oxygenated VOCs, biogenic VOCs, aromatics, dimethyl sulfide). The total speciated VOCs from the PTR-MS, denoted here as Sum(VOC), amounted to a mean (uncertainty) of 12 (±≤3) ppb C in marine air. Possible contributions from a number of known organic compounds present in marine air that were not detected by the PTR-MS are assessed within the context of the TOC budget. Finally, we note that the use of a short, heated sample tube can improve the transmission of organics to the analyzer, while operating our system alternately with and without a particle filter should enable a better separation of semi-volatile and particulate organics from the VOCs within the TOC budget. Future concurrent measurements of TOC, CO, and a more comprehensive range of speciated VOCs would enable a better characterization and understanding of the atmospheric organic carbon budget.

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Ocean–atmosphere exchange of organic carbon and CO<sub>2</sub> surrounding the Antarctic Peninsula

Cited by 24 publications

References 56 publications

Variability and change in the west Antarctic Peninsula marine system: Research priorities and opportunities

Variability and change in the west Antarctic Peninsula marine system: Research priorities and opportunities

Mangrove outwelling is a significant source of oceanic exchangeable organic carbon

Estimation of atmospheric total organic carbon (TOC) – paving the path towards carbon budget closure

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