Ocean acidification weakens the immune response of blood clam through hampering the NF-kappa β and toll-like receptor pathways

Liu, Saixi; Shi, Wei; Guo, Cheng; Zhao, Xinguo; Han, Yu; Peng, Chao; Chai, Xueliang; Liu, Guangxu

doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2016.04.030

Cited by 93 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Less work has been undertaken on juveniles and adults, although impacts on early life stages has been shown to "carry-over" into these life-history stages (Hettinger et al, 2013b;Hettinger et al, 2012). Both juveniles and adults have shown altered immune response (Liu et al, 2016;Wang et al, 2016), reduced calcification and shell growth (Beniash et al, 2010;Waldbusser et al, 2011b;Wright et al, 2014), increased shell dissolution (Waldbusser et al, 2011a), and reductions in shell strength (Dickinson et al, 2012;Mackenzie et al, 2014;Welladsen et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indications of future performance of native and non-native adult oysters under acidification and warming

Lemasson

Hall‐Spencer²,

Fletcher

et al. 2018

Marine Environmental Research

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Globally, non-native species (NNS) have been introduced and now often entirely replace native species in captive aquaculture; in part, a result of a perceived greater resilience of NSS to climate change and disease. Here, the effects of ocean acidification and warming on metabolic rate, feeding rate, and somatic growth was 2 assessed using two co-occurring species of oysters-the introduced Pacific oyster Magallana gigas (formerly Crassostrea gigas), and native flat oyster Ostrea edulis. Biological responses to increased temperature and pCO2 combinations were tested, the effects differing between species. Metabolic rates and energetic demands of both species were increased by warming but not by elevated pCO2. While acidification and warming did not affect the clearance rate of O. edulis, M. gigas displayed a 40% decrease at ~750 ppm pCO2. Similarly, the condition index of O. edulis was unaffected, but that of M. gigas was negatively impacted by warming, likely due to increased energetic demands that were not compensated for by increased feeding. These findings suggest differing stress from anthropogenic CO2 emissions between species and contrary to expectations, this was higher in introduced M. gigas than in the native O. edulis. If these laboratory findings hold true for populations in the wild, then continued CO2 emissions can be expected to adversely affect the functioning and structure of M. gigas populations with significant ecological and economic repercussions, especially for aquaculture. Our findings strengthen arguments in favour of investment in O. edulis restoration in UK waters.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indications of future performance of native and non-native adult oysters under acidification and warming

Lemasson

Hall‐Spencer²,

Fletcher

et al. 2018

Marine Environmental Research

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“…The pH of surface seawater has decreased by 0.1 units compared to the pre-industrial level, and according to the prediction of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it may decrease to 7.8 and 7.4 by the end of the 21st century and the year 2300, respectively ( Caldeira and Wickett, 2003 ). OA may therefore exert significant impacts on various aspects of organisms inhabiting the sea, such as growth ( Wu et al, 2014 ), metabolism ( Lannig et al, 2010 ), immune response ( Liu et al, 2016 ), and sensory ability ( Ashur et al, 2017 ), which on a large scale may pose a great threat to the entire marine ecosystem ( Zhang et al, 2012 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nevertheless, recent studies have shown that OA could hamper the immune responses of various marine bivalve species, such as Crassostrea gigas ( Wang et al, 2016 ), Mercenaria mercenaria ( Ivanina et al, 2016 ), and Mytilus edulis ( Mackenzie et al, 2014 ). Among all the parameters evaluating immune responses, the phagocytosis of hemocytes, one of the most important defense measures in non-specific immunity ( Wang et al, 2012 ), including the engulfment and degradation of pathogen particles, has been widely used in previous studies ( Liu et al, 2016 ; Shi et al, 2017 ; Su et al, 2017 ). Though an OA-induced reduction in phagocytosis has been reported in bivalve species, the mechanism manifesting this impact still remains unclear ( Canesi et al, 2002 ; Sokolnikova et al, 2015 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Phagocytosis includes a series of sequential processes, such as the attachment of hemocytes to the targeted particles, the recognition of pathogen particles by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), the engulfment facilitated by the cytoskeleton, and the degradation of foreign particles through oxygen-dependent and oxygen-independent pathways ( Song et al, 2010 ). It has been suggested that OA could hamper the recognition of pathogen particles by hemocytes of marine invertebrates by affecting PRRs ( Liu et al, 2016 ; Castillo et al, 2017 ). In addition, previous studies have shown that OA may lead to an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which is crucial for the oxygen-dependent degradation of engulfed pathogen particles ( Duprécrochet et al, 2013 ; Wang et al, 2016 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ocean Acidification Affects the Cytoskeleton, Lysozymes, and Nitric Oxide of Hemocytes: A Possible Explanation for the Hampered Phagocytosis in Blood Clams, Tegillarca granosa

Rong

Zha

et al. 2018

Front. Physiol.

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An enormous amount of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) has been dissolved into the ocean, leading to a lower pH and changes in the chemical properties of seawater, which has been termed ocean acidification (OA). The impacts of pCO2-driven acidification on immunity have been revealed recently in various marine organisms. However, the mechanism causing the reduction in phagocytosis still remains unclear. Therefore, the impacts of pCO2-driven OA at present and near-future levels (pH values of 8.1, 7.8, and 7.4) on the rate of phagocytosis, the abundance of cytoskeleton components, the levels of nitric oxide (NO), and the concentration and activity of lysozymes (LZM) of hemocytes were investigated in a commercial bivalve species, the blood clam (Tegillarca granosa). In addition, the effects of OA on the expression of genes regulating actin skeleton and nitric oxide synthesis 2 (NOS2) were also analyzed. The results obtained showed that the phagocytic rate, cytoskeleton component abundance, concentration and activity of LZM of hemocytes were all significantly reduced after a 2-week exposure to the future OA scenario of a pH of 7.4. On the contrary, a remarkable increase in the concentration of NO compared to that of the control was detected in clams exposed to OA. Furthermore, the expression of genes regulating the actin cytoskeleton and NOS were significantly up-regulated after OA exposure. Though the mechanism causing phagocytosis seemed to be complicated based on the results obtained in the present study and those reported previously, our results suggested that OA may reduce the phagocytosis of hemocytes by (1) decreasing the abundance of cytoskeleton components and therefore hampering the cytoskeleton-mediated process of engulfment, (2) reducing the concentration and activity of LZM and therefore constraining the degradation of the engulfed pathogen through an oxygen-independent pathway, and (3) inducing the production of NO, which may negatively regulate immune responses.

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“…In sponges, it is often characterized by increased alpha diversity (Luter et al, 2012) or the appearance of opportunistic pathogens (Simister et al, 2012). The stress can threaten the physiology and immunity of the host (Ghanbari et al, 2015;Pinzón et al, 2015;Liu et al, 2016), which further leads to loss of control of the microbiome and death of sponges. Thus, dysbiosis is probably not the cause of the disease, but may be a response of sponges to stress.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mass disease and mortality of Baikal sponges

Belikov

Feranchuk

Butina

et al. 2018

LFWB

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Lake Baikal is sometimes called The Galapagos Islands of Russia because of its exceptional biodiversity and importance for the evolutionary science. The age, isolation and deep oxygen-saturated waters of Lake Baikal formed one of the world's richest freshwater ecosystems. Lake Baikal located in the centre of Eurasia has many features inherent to the ocean: abyssal depths and a huge mass of water, internal waves and seiches, strong storms and high waves, upwelling, expansion of the basin due to the separation of the coast similar to the separation of the continents of Africa and South America, large magnitudes of magnetic anomalies, etc. (Kondratyev, 1992). Lake Baikal is the only deep-water lake, where the water saturated with oxygen stretches to the very bottom, like in the ocean. The ecosystem of Lake Baikal is also close to oceanic ecosystems by structure and other characteristics, e.g. the presence of a pelagic community of the organisms and zones with high productivity of macroplankton in the area of the slope similar to the highly productive zones of upwelling in the ocean. The benthic community is characterized by extraordinary species diversity and high production, and it mainly consists of oligochaetes, molluscs, amphipods, chironomids and sponges. The biomass of sponges exceeds tenfold the biomass of all littoral macroorganisms (Kozhov, 1972; Masuda, 2009). The biological diversity of plants and animals inhabiting Baikal is greater than in other lakes of the world. For example, the number of known species and subspecies is more than twice higher than in Lake Tanganyika, which is comparable to Baikal in dimensions and origin. At present, there are approximately 2500 species of animals and more than 1000 species of plants in Lake Baikal. The Baikal fauna is formed autochthonous, i.e. the diversity of endemics has developed in Lake Baikal itself. Baikal is one of the most transparent lakes in the world. The amazing transparency (approximately 40 meters) has resulted from the low content of mineral salts in the lake and a great filtering ability of sponge communities and other filtration organisms. Recently, Lake Baikal is facing increasing threats to environment. Global climate change can threaten its

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Ocean acidification weakens the immune response of blood clam through hampering the NF-kappa β and toll-like receptor pathways

Cited by 93 publications

References 45 publications

Indications of future performance of native and non-native adult oysters under acidification and warming

Indications of future performance of native and non-native adult oysters under acidification and warming

Ocean Acidification Affects the Cytoskeleton, Lysozymes, and Nitric Oxide of Hemocytes: A Possible Explanation for the Hampered Phagocytosis in Blood Clams, Tegillarca granosa

Mass disease and mortality of Baikal sponges

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