Ocean Acidification Not Likely to Affect the Survival and Fitness of Two Temperate Benthic Foraminiferal Species: Results From Culture Experiments

McIntyre-Wressnig, Anna; Bernhard, Joan M.; Wit, J.C.M. de; McCorkle, Daniel C.

doi:10.2113/gsjfr.44.4.341

Cited by 17 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 85 publications

(3 reference statements)

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“…Precipitation of shells is enhanced by photosynthesis during daylight hours. Our experiment, as well as those of Dissard et al (2010), McIntyre-Wressnig et al (2014), and others, indicates that, once precipitated, shell calcite is relatively protected from dissolution while the foraminifer is alive. While lower pH conditions will require greater energy expenditure to precipitate CaCO 3 , photosynthesis by diatom symbionts may be enhanced by higher pCO 2 (e.g., Johnson et al, 2013).…”

Section: Implications: Past and Futuresupporting

confidence: 80%

“…gibbosa exposed in culture to 2000 ppmv pCO 2 for six weeks, while finding that neither survival nor cellular energy levels were affected. McIntyre-Wressnig et al (2014) similarly found that two common temperate benthic species showed no direct effect of high pCO 2 on survival or fitness even when seawater was undersaturated with respect to calcite.…”

Section: Effects Of Temperature and Phmentioning

confidence: 90%

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Shell Dissolution in Larger Benthic Foraminifers Exposed to Ph and Temperature Extremes: Results From an in Situ Experiment

Engel

Hallock

Price

et al. 2015

The Journal of Foraminiferal Research

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Areas where CO 2 -enriched gases discharge into shallowmarine environments can serve as natural laboratories to study the effects of elevated pCO 2 (i.e., ocean acidification) on benthic communities. Hydrothermal vents in Tutum Bay, Ambitle Island, Papua New Guinea, occur at depths of ,10 m and are surrounded by a tropical fringing coral reef. Live specimens of seven species of larger benthic foraminifers were collected from a nearby reef location, placed in small mesh bags, and deployed for five days at six different sites along a gradient of temperature (60-29uC) and pH (5.9-8.1). Foraminiferal species that differ in shell structure (porcelaneous vs. hyaline) and composition (high-and intermediateMg calcite) were used in the experiment. Approximately 25% of the specimens, representing four of the seven species, retained normal symbiont color and exhibited minimal dissolution when exposed for five days to temperatures up to 60uC and pH as low as 6.2; shells of specimens that lost symbiont color during deployment exhibited extensive corrosion. More than 80% of the specimens, representing at least one of each species, retained normal symbiont color where the temperature was approximately 40uC and pH fluctuated between 5.9 and 7.4. These observations indicate that shells of reef-dwelling foraminifers can substantially resist dissolution, as long as organic matter is largely intact, under pH conditions sufficiently extreme to erase any fossil footprint.

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Section: Implications: Past and Futuresupporting

confidence: 80%

Section: Effects Of Temperature and Phmentioning

confidence: 90%

Shell Dissolution in Larger Benthic Foraminifers Exposed to Ph and Temperature Extremes: Results From an in Situ Experiment

Engel

Hallock

Price

et al. 2015

The Journal of Foraminiferal Research

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“…A direct comparison of foraminiferal survival rates can be made with the studies of McIntyre-Wressnig et al (2013, although survival was determined in those studies using a different method (ATP analysis). After six weeks, survival rates for Bulimina marginata, also collected from the Mud Patch, were ~73-89% among control populations and 68-82% in populations exposed to enhanced pCO 2 (1000 and 2000 ppmv; McIntyre-Wressnig et al, 2014). These survival rates for B. marginata are similar to those observed in this study for G. turgida (60-90%).…”

Section: Survivorshipsupporting

confidence: 83%

“…Tests from a previous study that used the Biospherix CO2 system showed that the atmosphere and seawater are in equilibrium within 40 h after introduction to the controlled atmosphere within the chamber (McIntyre-Wressnig et al, 2014). All treatments were fed weekly with 1 ml of a concentrated mixture of live Dunaliella tertiotecta Butcher and Isochrysis galbana Parke.…”

Section: Sedimentmentioning

confidence: 99%

A SHORT-TERM SURVIVAL EXPERIMENT ASSESSING IMPACTS OF OCEAN ACIDIFICATION AND HYPOXIA ON THE BENTHIC FORAMINIFERGLOBOBULIMINA TURGIDA

Wit¹,

Davis²,

McCorkle³

et al. 2016

Journal of Foraminiferal Research

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The oceans are absorbing increasing amounts of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) as a result of rising anthropogenic atmospheric CO 2 emissions. This increase in oceanic CO 2 leads to the lowering of seawater pH, which is known as ocean acidification (OA). Simultaneously, rising global temperatures, also linked to higher atmospheric CO 2 concentrations, result in a more stratified surface ocean, reducing exchange between surface and deeper waters, leading to expansion of oxygen-limited zones (hypoxia). Numerous studies have investigated the impact of one or the other of these environmental changes (OA, hypoxia) on a wide variety of marine organisms, but few experimental studies focus on the simultaneous effects of these two stressors. Foraminifera are unicellular eukaryotes (protists) that live in virtually every marine environment and form an important link in the benthic food web. Here we present results of a short-term (3.5 week) study in which both CO 2 (OA) and O 2 (hypoxia) were manipulated to evaluate the influence of these parameters on the survival of the benthic foraminifer Globobulimina turgida. Elevated CO 2 concentrations did not impact short-term survivorship of this species, and furthermore, G. turgida had higher survival percentages under hypoxic conditions (0.7 ml/l) than in well-aerated water, regardless of CO 2 concentration.3

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“…The use of CTG in foraminiferal laboratory experiments, such as bioassays, is less established. McIntyre-Wressnig et al (2014) employed it to identify live foraminifers for experiments and Pucci et al (2009) used it to identify surviving individuals following experimental treatments. The primary objective of our study was to determine if CTG could be used to distinguish live from dead A. gibbosa in laboratory experiments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges in using CellTracker Green on foraminifers that host algal endosymbionts

Ross

Hallock

2018

PeerJ

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The uses of fluorescent microscopy and fluorescent probes, such as the metabolically activated probe CellTracker™ Green CMFDA (CTG), have become common in studies of living Foraminifera. This metabolic requirement, as well as the relatively quick production of the fluorescent reaction products, makes CTG a prime candidate for determining mortality in bioassay and other laboratory experiments. Previous work with the foraminifer Amphistegina gibbosa, which hosts diatom endosymbionts, has shown that the species is capable of surviving both acute chemical exposure and extended periods of total darkness by entering a low-activity dormant state. This paper explores the use of CTG and fluorescent microscopy to determine mortality in such experiments, as well as to explore the physiology of dormant foraminifers. The application of CTG was found to be complicated by the autofluorescence of the diatom symbionts, which masks the signal of the CTG, as well as by interactions between CTG and propylene glycol, a chemical of interest known to cause dormancy. These complications necessitated adapting methods from earlier studies using CTG. Here we present observations on CTG fluorescence and autofluorescence in A. gibbosa following both chemical exposure and periods of total darkness. While CTG can indicate vital activity in dormant foraminifers, complications include underestimates of total survival and recovery, and falsely indicating dead individuals as live due to rapid microbial colonization. Nonetheless, the brightness of the CTG signal in dormant individuals exposed to propylene glycol supports previously published results of survival patterns in A. gibbosa. Observations of CTG fluorescence in individuals kept for extended periods in aphotic conditions indicate uptake of CTG may begin within 30 min of exposure to light, suggesting darkness-induced dormancy and subsequent recovery can occur on short time scales. These results suggest that CTG accurately reflects changes associated with dormancy, and can be useful in laboratory experiments utilizing symbiont-bearing foraminifers.

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Ocean Acidification Not Likely to Affect the Survival and Fitness of Two Temperate Benthic Foraminiferal Species: Results From Culture Experiments

Cited by 17 publications

References 85 publications

Shell Dissolution in Larger Benthic Foraminifers Exposed to Ph and Temperature Extremes: Results From an in Situ Experiment

Shell Dissolution in Larger Benthic Foraminifers Exposed to Ph and Temperature Extremes: Results From an in Situ Experiment

A SHORT-TERM SURVIVAL EXPERIMENT ASSESSING IMPACTS OF OCEAN ACIDIFICATION AND HYPOXIA ON THE BENTHIC FORAMINIFERGLOBOBULIMINA TURGIDA

Challenges in using CellTracker Green on foraminifers that host algal endosymbionts

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