Ocean acidification induces multi-generational decline in copepod naupliar production with possible conflict for reproductive resource allocation

Fitzer, Susan C.; Caldwell, Gary S.; Close, Andrew; Clare, Anthony S.; Upstill‐Goddard, Robert C.; Bentley, M. G.

doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2012.03.009

Cited by 110 publications

(106 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…The only other study of a nonvertically migrating copepod species that we found in the literature was that by Fitzer et al (11) on the benthic copepod Tisbe, who found them to be sensitive to year 2100 relevant OA conditions over multiple generations; however, these responses were long-term responses rather than short-term responses to variability on a daily scale. Our finding for O. similis and those of Fitzer et al (11) suggest that more OA studies should focus on species and/or life history stages with more restricted spatial ranges, and therefore potentially narrower extant natural pCO 2 exposure conditions…”

Section: 10;supporting

confidence: 55%

“…Copepods have a mainly chitinous exoskeleton, so they are not as vulnerable to calcium carbonate undersaturation as other calcifying Arctic organisms, such as pteropods (10). However, evidence for impacts of elevated CO 2 have been demonstrated for a number of temperate copepod species and life history stages (11)(12)(13) [although only one study (11) showed responses occurring at levels projected for the year 2100], whereas others, including temperate calanoids, appear more resilient (14,15). OA impacts are most likely to occur as a result of increased energetic costs of maintaining homeostasis of physiological processes [e.g., acidbase balance (16)] under elevated CO 2 conditions, with resultant shifts in growth, fecundity, and survival, yet these responses remain relatively understudied for this ecologically important group.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Sensitivity to ocean acidification parallels natural pCO ₂ gradients experienced by Arctic copepods under winter sea ice

Lewis

Brown

Edwards

et al. 2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

103

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The Arctic Ocean already experiences areas of low pH and high CO 2 , and it is expected to be most rapidly affected by future ocean acidification (OA). Copepods comprise the dominant Arctic zooplankton; hence, their responses to OA have important implications for Arctic ecosystems, yet there is little data on their current under-ice winter ecology on which to base future monitoring or make predictions about climate-induced change. Here, we report results from Arctic under-ice investigations of copepod natural distributions associated with late-winter carbonate chemistry environmental data and their response to manipulated pCO 2 conditions (OA exposures). Our data reveal that species and life stage sensitivities to manipulated OA conditions were correlated with their vertical migration behavior and with their natural exposures to different pCO 2 ranges. Vertically migrating adult Calanus spp. crossed a pCO 2 range of >140 μatm daily and showed only minor responses to manipulated high CO 2 . Oithona similis, which remained in the surface waters and experienced a pCO 2 range of <75 μatm, showed significantly reduced adult and nauplii survival in high CO 2 experiments. These results support the relatively untested hypothesis that the natural range of pCO 2 experienced by an organism determines its sensitivity to future OA and highlight that the globally important copepod species, Oithona spp., may be more sensitive to future high pCO 2 conditions compared with the more widely studied larger copepods.climate change | diel vertical migration | ecophysiology | pH response O cean acidification (OA) has been highlighted as one of the most pervasive human impacts on the ocean (1). However, observational datasets that link oceanic carbonate chemistry with biotic responses on which to ground predictions of OA impacts remain limited, especially in the most susceptible and rapidly changing ocean, the Arctic (2). Recent observations indicate that several locations in the Arctic already experience seasonal undersaturation with respect to aragonite, concomitantly with elevated pCO 2 and lowered pH conditions (3), and such incidences are predicted to increase as OA progresses (4). However, knowledge of current seasonal and interannual variability in carbonate system parameters for the Arctic Ocean, particularly under winter sea ice, remains limited. Furthermore, information about the ecology of organisms that live in Arctic waters is primarily restricted to summer studies, with only a few investigations being conducted during the ice-covered winter period (5). Hence, predicting how organisms and ecosystems respond to OA is currently restricted to studies from subarctic and/or icefree Arctic systems because of the technical difficulties and costs involved in sampling remote ice-associated Arctic locations. Given that the Arctic is recognized as a "bellwether" for global OA processes (2) and that polar species are potentially more sensitive to these changes due to their reduced metabolic scope (6), this lack of data on Arctic under...

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Section: 10;supporting

confidence: 55%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensitivity to ocean acidification parallels natural pCO ₂ gradients experienced by Arctic copepods under winter sea ice

Lewis

Brown

Edwards

et al. 2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

103

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“…However, their exoskeleton is non-calcified (Fitzer et al, 2012), and only a limited number of studies have investigated the vulnerability to elevated CO 2 levels among species from this group. The information available so far indicates considerable stage-and interspecific difference with regard to sensitivity to elevated CO 2 levels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While some species seem to tolerate CO 2 levels that are well above 2000 ppm (the level expected for year 2300), others such as Acartia tsuensis (Ito, 1956) (Kurihara and Ishimatsu, 2008), displayed an overall reduced hatching success in the eggs produced at 2300 ppm CO 2 when incubated over multiple generations (although no significant difference was observed within each separate generation). Recently, a study on the harpacticoid copepod Tisbe battagliai (Volkmann-Rocco, 1972) revealed a negative effect on hatching success and survival at CO 2 levels well below 1000 ppm (Fitzer et al, 2012), contradicting the perception that copepods are generally resistant to elevated levels of CO 2 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Medium-term exposure of the North Atlantic copepod <i>Calanus finmarchicus</i> (Gunnerus, 1770) to CO<sub>2</sub>-acidified seawater: effects on survival and development

Pedersen

Hansen

Altin³

et al. 2013

Biogeosciences

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Abstract. The impact of medium-term exposure to CO 2 -acidified seawater on survival, growth and development was investigated in the North Atlantic copepod Calanus finmarchicus. Using a custom developed experimental system, fertilized eggs and subsequent development stages were exposed to normal seawater (390 ppm CO 2 ) or one of three different levels of CO 2 -induced acidification (3300, 7300, 9700 ppm CO 2 ). Following the 28-day exposure period, survival was found to be unaffected by exposure to 3300 ppm CO 2 , but significantly reduced at 7300 and 9700 ppm CO 2 . Also, the proportion of copepodite stages IV to VI observed in the different treatments was significantly affected in a manner that may indicate a CO 2 -induced retardation of the rate of ontogenetic development. Morphometric analysis revealed a significant increase in size (prosome length) and lipid storage volume in stage IV copepodites exposed to 3300 ppm CO 2 and reduced size in stage III copepodites exposed to 7300 ppm CO 2 . Together, the findings indicate that a pCO 2 level ≤ 2000 ppm (the highest CO 2 level expected by the year 2300) will probably not directly affect survival in C. finmarchicus. Longer term experiments at more moderate CO 2 levels are, however, necessary before the possibility that growth and development may be affected below 2000 ppm CO 2 can be ruled out.

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“…In terms of direct physiological responses, most studies have found no direct effects on copepods at CO 2 levels within the range expected by the end of this century (Kurihara et al 2004;Watanabe et al 2006, Kurihara and Ishimatsu 2008, Zhang et al 2011, Vehmaa et al 2012, Weydmann et al, 2012, McConville et al 2013, Niehoff et al 2013. It is to be noted that the majority of these studies focussed on adult females whereas only a few have concentrated on other life-history stages which are likely to show greater sensitivity to elevated pCO 2 (Kurihara et al 2004, Fitzer et al 2012, Lewis et al 2013, Cripps et al 2014). …”

Section: Copepod Body Conditionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of acute ocean acidification on spatially-diverse polar pelagic foodwebs: Insights from on-deck microcosms

Tarling

Peck

Ward

et al. 2016

Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography

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The polar oceans are experiencing some of the largest levels of ocean acidification (OA) resulting from the uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). Our understanding of the impacts this is having on polar marine communities is mainly derived from studies of single species in laboratory conditions, while the consequences for food web interactions remain largely unknown. This study carried out experimental manipulations of natural pelagic communities at different high latitude sites in both the northern (Nordic Seas) and southern hemispheres (Scotia and Weddell Seas). The aim of this study was to identify more generic responses and greater experimental reproducibility through implementing a series of short term (4 day), multilevel (3 treatment) carbonate chemistry manipulation experiments on unfiltered natural surface ocean communities, including grazing copepods. The experiments were successfully executed at six different sites, covering a diverse range of environmental conditions and differing plankton community compositions. The study identified the interaction between copepods and dinoflagellate cell abundance to be significantly altered by elevated levels of dissolved CO 2 (pCO 2 ), with dinoflagellates decreasing relative to ambient conditions across all six experiments. A similar pattern was not observed in any other major 2 phytoplankton group. The patterns indicate that copepods show a stronger preference for dinoflagellates when in elevated pCO 2 conditions, demonstrating that changes in food quality and altered grazing selectivity may be a major consequence of ocean acidification. The study also found that transparent exopolymeric particles (TEP) generally increased when pCO 2 levels were elevated, but the response was dependent on the exact set of environmental conditions. Bacteria and nannoplankton showed a neutral response to elevated pCO 2 and there was no significant relationship between changes in bacterial or nannoplankton abundance and that of TEP concentrations. Overall, the study illustrated that, although some similar responses exist, these contrasting high latitude surface ocean communities are likely to show different responses to the onset of elevated pCO 2 .

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Ocean acidification induces multi-generational decline in copepod naupliar production with possible conflict for reproductive resource allocation

Cited by 110 publications

References 48 publications

Sensitivity to ocean acidification parallels natural pCO ₂ gradients experienced by Arctic copepods under winter sea ice

Sensitivity to ocean acidification parallels natural pCO ₂ gradients experienced by Arctic copepods under winter sea ice

Medium-term exposure of the North Atlantic copepod <i>Calanus finmarchicus</i> (Gunnerus, 1770) to CO<sub>2</sub>-acidified seawater: effects on survival and development

Effects of acute ocean acidification on spatially-diverse polar pelagic foodwebs: Insights from on-deck microcosms

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Ocean acidification induces multi-generational decline in copepod naupliar production with possible conflict for reproductive resource allocation

Cited by 110 publications

References 48 publications

Sensitivity to ocean acidification parallels natural pCO 2 gradients experienced by Arctic copepods under winter sea ice

Sensitivity to ocean acidification parallels natural pCO 2 gradients experienced by Arctic copepods under winter sea ice

Medium-term exposure of the North Atlantic copepod &lt;i&gt;Calanus finmarchicus&lt;/i&gt; (Gunnerus, 1770) to CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-acidified seawater: effects on survival and development

Effects of acute ocean acidification on spatially-diverse polar pelagic foodwebs: Insights from on-deck microcosms

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Sensitivity to ocean acidification parallels natural pCO ₂ gradients experienced by Arctic copepods under winter sea ice

Sensitivity to ocean acidification parallels natural pCO ₂ gradients experienced by Arctic copepods under winter sea ice

Medium-term exposure of the North Atlantic copepod <i>Calanus finmarchicus</i> (Gunnerus, 1770) to CO<sub>2</sub>-acidified seawater: effects on survival and development