Occurrence, spatial distribution, and partitioning behavior of marine lipophilic phycotoxins in the Pearl River Estuary, South China

The Prevalence of Marine Lipophilic Phycotoxins Causes Potential Risks in a Tropical Small Island Developing State

“…OA and DTXs are common marine toxins that are widely distributed in seawater worldwide. ,,− However, to date, the presence of dinoflagellates Prorocentrum and Dinophysis has not been reported in Kiribati. Prorocentrum lima has been reported to occur in other ciguatera-endemic areas frequently and be associated with ciguatera syndrome, which can explain why P-CTXs, OA, and DTXs could occur together .…”

“…Many studies have reported no or weak correlations between MLPs or an individual MLP, and body size, trophic level, or lipid content in studied fish of Hong Kong, Hawaii, Kiribati, the Caribbean, Okinawa, and French Polynesia. ,,− These results indicated that the accumulation of MLPs may involve a mixture of factors beyond the body size, lipid content, and trophic level. Abiotic factors (e.g., temperature, current, and turbidity) and other biotic factors (e.g., age, feeding preference, and the ability for toxin uptake and depuration) may influence MLP accumulation. ,, However, several studies have found strong correlations between body size or lipid content and toxin levels in certain species. For example, a strong positive relationship was observed between total length, body weight, and CTX concentrations in moray eels from Kiribati. , In the present study, no significant and strong correlation was found between the body size, lipid content, trophic level, and MLP levels within certain species.…”

“…Significant and weak correlations were found between P-CTXs and BTX-3, indicating that phycotoxin-producing microalgae may co-occur in the habitat or have a similar contamination pathway. A previous study revealed that environmental factors, such as temperature, dissolved oxygen, and turbidity, could reflect the abundance and distribution of potentially MLP-causative microalgae …”

“…Abiotic factors (e.g., temperature, current, and turbidity) and other biotic factors (e.g., age, feeding preference, and the ability for toxin uptake and depuration) may influence MLP accumulation. 78,90,91 However, several studies have found strong correlations between body size or lipid content and toxin levels in certain species. For example, a strong positive relationship was observed between total length, body weight, and CTX concentrations in moray eels from Kiribati.…”

“…A previous study revealed that environmental factors, such as temperature, dissolved oxygen, and turbidity, could reflect the abundance and distribution of potentially MLP-causative microalgae. 78 4.4. Trophic Transfer of MLPs in the Food Web of Kiribati.…”