“…Three antiviral drugs used for COVID-19 treatment were detected in all sampling sites. The concentrations of ritonavir and lopinavir were much lower than those in the receiving rivers of Guangdong, China ( Yao et al, 2021 ). The arbidol concentration levels were similar to that reported for the Khatoritsa River, Russia ( Ul'yanovskii et al, 2022 ).…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 98%
“…The arbidol concentration levels were similar to that reported for the Khatoritsa River, Russia ( Ul'yanovskii et al, 2022 ). Due to the poor removal efficiency of the three antiviral drugs in WWTPs ( Ul'yanovskii et al, 2022 ; Yao et al, 2021 ), the manifold increase in their emission requires further investigation. Fig.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…During the COVID-19 pandemic, the consumption of antiviral drugs sharply increased, posing high risks to the aquatic ecosystem ( Kumari and Kumar 2022 ; Nannou et al, 2020 ). Yao et al (2021) and Kumari and Kumar (2022) validated the high ecological risks to the aquatic environment caused by ritonavir and lopinavir. Ul'yanovskii et al (2022) found a pronounced accumulation of arbidol in river bottom sediments, which could be a source of secondary pollution.…”
“…Three antiviral drugs used for COVID-19 treatment were detected in all sampling sites. The concentrations of ritonavir and lopinavir were much lower than those in the receiving rivers of Guangdong, China ( Yao et al, 2021 ). The arbidol concentration levels were similar to that reported for the Khatoritsa River, Russia ( Ul'yanovskii et al, 2022 ).…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 98%
“…The arbidol concentration levels were similar to that reported for the Khatoritsa River, Russia ( Ul'yanovskii et al, 2022 ). Due to the poor removal efficiency of the three antiviral drugs in WWTPs ( Ul'yanovskii et al, 2022 ; Yao et al, 2021 ), the manifold increase in their emission requires further investigation. Fig.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…During the COVID-19 pandemic, the consumption of antiviral drugs sharply increased, posing high risks to the aquatic ecosystem ( Kumari and Kumar 2022 ; Nannou et al, 2020 ). Yao et al (2021) and Kumari and Kumar (2022) validated the high ecological risks to the aquatic environment caused by ritonavir and lopinavir. Ul'yanovskii et al (2022) found a pronounced accumulation of arbidol in river bottom sediments, which could be a source of secondary pollution.…”
“…After the approval and distribution of the first antiviral drug, idoxuridine, on the market in 1963, the alarming rate of mortality due to viral infections prompted the creation of an increasing number of antiviral drugs [5] , [6] . These antiviral drugs are commonly used to treat a variety of viral infectious diseases, including influenza, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis and herpes [5] , [7] . A novel coronavirus (COVID-19) linked to respiratory diseases in humans was discovered in China, Wuhan in December 2019 [8] , [9] .…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Parts of antiviral drugs that have not been completely metabolized are extracted by patients in their urine or feces and are then mostly disposed of in the sewage system. It has been found that up to 60 % of an applied dose of antiviral drugs is excreted by patients [4] , [7] . Eventually, antiviral drugs are discharged into receiving aquatic environment through the effluent release of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) because of inadequate removal in WWTPs [7] , [13] .…”
An electrochemical sensor‐based on nickel selenide quantum dot, capped with 3‐mercaptopropionic acid (3‐MPA), was embedded on an L‐cysteine modified gold electrode for nevirapine (NVP) detection. The 3‐MPA‐NiSe2QD material was fully characterised using FTIR, SEM, Raman, HR‐TEM, XRD, SAXS, PL and UV‐Vis. Differential pulse voltammetry was used to study the electrochemical responses of 3‐MPA‐NiSe2QD/L‐cyst/Au electrochemical sensor to NVP, with a characteristic oxidation peak at 0.76 V. The electrochemical sensor obtained a low limit of detection (LOD) value of 0.0133 pM (0.0035 ng/L), limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.0442 pM (0.0118 ng/L) and sensitivity of 6.15 μA/pM with a linear range of 0.25–0.63 pM, respectively. Thus, the reproducibility, stability, and repetitive usability shown by the proposed sensor made it suitable for the determination of nevirapine in real wastewater samples.
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