Occurrence ofFusarium species and mycotoxins in wheat grain collected in the Czech Republic

Abstract

A complex of Fusarium spp. causes Fusarium head blight (FHB) on wheat and also on barley. Infection with FHB results not only in yield loss, but also causes depreciation of the harvested product due to the accumulation of toxins such as deoxynivalenol produced by Fusarium spp. The flowering time is a very susceptible period for primary infection. One reason might be that during this period spores can get into the opened wheat florets where they may later cause infection. Initial symptoms of infection of a wheat ear are visible whitening and drying of individual spikelets or entire parts of the ear. If the florets became infected shortly after blooming, grains are often not formed, while other infected spikelets have grains with various deformities, shrunken and with pink-white coloration (Klem & Tvarůžek 2005). The main aim of experiments was detection of Fusarium species on wheat grains by using of the PCR methods. Abstract Nedělník J., Moravcová H., Hajšlová J., Lancová K., Váňová M., Salava J. (2007): Fusarium spp. in wheat grain in the Czech Republic analysed by PCR method. Plant Protect. Sci., 43: 135-137. The frequency of occurrence of four Fusarium spp. on wheat in the Moravia region, Czech Republic, was determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Grain samples were collected during 2003-2006 at grain purchase centres. The dominant species was F. graminearum, which was recorded in all samples of the first 3 years of the study and in 88% of them in 2006. The previously more frequent F. culmorum was detected in 100% of the samples only in 2005; in the preceding two years the frequency of its detection was lower, 84% and 60%, and in 2006 it was detected in 55% of the samples. Fusarium avenaceum had a very low occurrence in the years 2003-2004, but in 2005 it was recorded in 100% of the samples. In 2006 it was the opposite-total absence of this species. A quite different situation was found in the occurrence of the fourth species-F. poae. In the years 2005 and 2006 it was only detected in 10%, resp. 2% of the samples, compared to markedly higher occurrences in the previous years. A comparison of the current weather development with the long-term mean at the Troubsko locality suggests that years with a relatively long, wet and cold start of the growing season and warmer end of vegetation (late May-July) will favour F. graminearum.

Fusarium head blight incidence and detection of Fusarium toxins in wheat in relation to agronomic factors

“…This is in agreement with the findings of Nitzsche et al (2002), which described the risk of FHB in the Saxonia region for wheat following various precrop types, and concluded that corn as a pre-crop increased the risk of Fusarium infestation. A 10-year survey of randomly collected winter wheat samples within the Czech Republic also revealed the significant adverse effect of corn as the pre-crop on the accumulation of DON in wheat grain (Chrpová et al 2015). Moreover, DON production by both of the DONproducing species F. culmorum and G. zeae was significantly higher in mixed infections with other species.…”

Enniatin B and beauvericin are common in Danish cereals and show high hepatotoxicity on a high‐content imaging platform

“…Second to enniatin B, beauvericin showed the highest concentrations in oats with a maximum level of 110 µg kg −1 . The emergence of more Fusarium mycotoxins has been observed in both south and central European countries such as Poland, the Czech Republic, and Italy (Juan et al, ; Bryla et al, ; Chrpová et al., ), but also in the Nordic countries Norway and Finland (Uhlig et al, ). The concentration levels observed for Danish crops in the present study, as well as those we observed in previous studies on whole fresh and ensiled Danish maize (Sørensen et al, ; Storm et al, 2014), are comparable for the Nordic countries.…”

Feedborne Mycotoxins Beauvericin and Enniatins and Livestock Animals

“…In last years, data on the occurrence of beauvericin (BEA) and enniatins (ENs) in livestock feedstuff have been reported. BEA and ENs are predominantly found in cereals (grains and products) [44,[54][55][56][57][58][59]. However, they have also been detected in by-products from various types of industry [60,61] so their presence was logically noted also in compound feeds for livestock animals [62][63][64].…”

“…Co-occurrence of ENs and BEA with other fusarium mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol or nivalenol was often reported [55,[86][87][88]; thus, not only the toxicity of individual mycotoxins, but also their possible synergistic, additive, or antagonistic effects on animals, should be taken into consideration. To our knowledge, these effects on various cells were described for combinations of different Fusarium mycotoxins, such as BEA, T-2 toxin (T-2) and DON; ENs A, A1, B, and B1; BEA, DON, enniatin B, FB1, T-2, and ZEA; T-2 toxin and enniatin B1 (recently reviewed by Smith et al [89], Mallebrera et al [90] and Prosperini et al [91]), DON, enniatin B and alternariol [92]; DON, BEA, ZEA, enniatin A, A1, B, B1, alternariol, tentoxin, and mycophenolic acid [93] or BEA and ZEA derivates [94].…”