Occurrence of the artificial sweetener sucralose in coastal and marine waters of the United States

Mead, Ralph N.; Morgan, Jeremy B.; Avery, G. Brooks; Kieber, Robert J.; Kirk, Aleksandra M.; Skrabal, Stephan A.; Willey, Joan D.

doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2009.09.005

Cited by 114 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The per-capita load of sucralose would be 0.77 g/year based on the assumed concentration in wastewater (10 μg/L) and wastewater discharge (47 Mio m 3 /d) in the Yangtze Basin. This result was smaller compared to the United States, where sucralose is used more frequently and concentrations of sucralose in WWTP effluents can reach up to 27 μg/L (Oppenheimer et al, 2011) and 120 μg/L (Mead et al, 2009).…”

Section: Comparison Of Pollutant Loads With Other Large Riversmentioning

confidence: 72%

“…The high sucralose concentrations come from the diet of the people in the south of China, who prefer sweetened food. The persistence of sucralose in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and the aquatic environment (Mead et al, 2009;Torres et al, 2011) was another reason for the high sucralose in the river. The load of sucralose in the Yangtze River amounted to 169 t/yr, representing 85% of the sucralose consumption in China (200 t/yr).…”

Section: Household Chemicals and Pharmaceuticalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Organic micropollutants in the Yangtze River: Seasonal occurrence and annual loads

Müller

Pernet-Coudrier

et al. 2014

Science of The Total Environment

105

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• The Yangtze River drains 40% of China's mainland with 400 million inhabitants • Monthly concentrations and annual loads of organic pollutants were determined • Seasonality of loads of PAHs, most pesticides, and antiinfectives were concise • In spite of low concentrations due to high water discharge, pollutant loads are considerable a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f o Twenty percent of the water run-off from China's land surface drains into the Yangtze River and carries the sewage of approximately 400 million people out to sea. The lower stretch of the Yangtze therefore offers the opportunity to assess the pollutant discharge of a huge population. To establish a comprehensive assessment of micropollutants, river water samples were collected monthly from May 2009 to June 2010 along a crosssection at the lowermost hydrological station of the Yangtze River not influenced by the tide (Datong Station, Anhui province). Following a prescreening of 268 target compounds, we examined the occurrence, seasonal variation, and annual loads of 117 organic micropollutants, including 51 pesticides, 43 pharmaceuticals, 7 household and industrial chemicals, and 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). During the 14-month study, the maximum concentrations of particulate PAHs (1-5 μg/g), pesticides (11-284 ng/L), pharmaceuticals (5-224 ng/L), and household and industrial chemicals (4-430 ng/L) were generally lower than in other Chinese rivers due to the dilution caused of the Yangtze River's average water discharge of approximately 30,000 m 3 /s. The loads of most pesticides, anti-infectives, and PAHs were higher in the wet season compared to the dry season, which was attributed to the increased agricultural application of chemicals in the summer, an elevated water discharge through the sewer systems and wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) as a result of high hydraulic loads and the related lower treatment efficiency, and seasonally increased deposition from the atmosphere and runoff from the catchment. The estimated annual load of PAHs in the river accounted for some 4% of the total emission of PAHs in the whole Yangtze Basin. Furthermore, by using sucralose as a tracer for domestic wastewater, we estimate a daily disposal of approximately 47 million m 3 of sewage into the river, corresponding to 1.8% of its average hydraulic load. In summary, the annual amounts flushed by the Yangtze River into the East China Sea were 2.9 × 10 6 tons of dissolved and particulate organic carbon (DOC and POC), 369 tons of PAHs, 98 tons of pesticides, 152 tons of pharmaceuticals, and 273 tons of household and industrial chemicals. While the concentrations seem comparably moderate, the pollutant loads are considerable and pose an increasing burden to the health of the marine coastal ecosystem.

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Section: Comparison Of Pollutant Loads With Other Large Riversmentioning

confidence: 72%

Section: Household Chemicals and Pharmaceuticalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organic micropollutants in the Yangtze River: Seasonal occurrence and annual loads

Müller

Pernet-Coudrier

et al. 2014

Science of The Total Environment

105

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“…Acesulfame potassium and aspartame were purchased from Supelco (Bellefonte, PA). Saccharin-13 C 6 , sucralose-D 6 , acesulfame-D 4 , and aspartame-D 5 were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc. (Dallas, TX). 17 Purity of all of the standards was ≥98%.…”

Section: ■ Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1 Sucralose, saccharin, aspartame, neotame, and acesulfame are "low-calorie sweeteners" currently approved for use in the U.S.A. 2 Sucralose was approved for use as an additive in over 4000 food products in >80 countries, 3 with annual sales in the U.S.A. at >$170 million in 2004. 4,5 The global consumption of acesulfame and saccharin in 2005 was 4 and 37 thousand metric tons, respectively. 6 ASWs are excreted mostly unchanged from the human body, flow down the drain, and are discharged into the environment through wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs).…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fate of Artificial Sweeteners in Wastewater Treatment Plants in New York State, U.S.A.

Subedi

Kannan

2014

Environ. Sci. Technol.

150

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Very few studies describe the fate of artificial sweeteners (ASWs) in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). In this study, mass loadings, removal efficiencies, and environmental emission of sucralose, saccharin, aspartame, and acesulfame were determined based on the concentrations measured in wastewater influent, primary effluent, effluent, suspended particulate matter (SPM), and sludge collected from two WWTPs in the Albany area of New York State, U.S.A. All ASWs were detected at a mean concentration that ranged from 0.13 (aspartame) to 29.4 μg/L (sucralose) in wastewater influent, 0.49 (aspartame) to 27.7 μg/L (sucralose) in primary influent, 0.11 (aspartame) to 29.6 μg/L (sucralose) in effluent, and from 0.08 (aspartame) to 0.65 μg/g dw (sucralose) in sludge. Aspartame was found in 92% of influent SPM samples at a mean concentration of 444 ng/g dw, followed by acesulfame (92 ng/g) and saccharin (49 ng/g). The fraction of the total mass of ASWs sorbed to SPM was in the rank order: aspartame (50.4%) > acesulfame (10.9%) > saccharin and sucralose (0.8%). The sorption coefficients of ASWs ranged from 4.10 (saccharin) to 4540 L/kg (aspartame). Significant removal of aspartame (68.2%) and saccharin (90.3%) was found in WWTPs; however, sucralose and acesulfame were less efficiently removed (<2.0%). The total mass loading of sucralose, saccharin, and acesulfame in the WWTP that served a smaller population (∼15 000) was 1.3−1.5 times lower than that in another WWTP that served a larger population (∼100 000). The average daily loading of sucralose in both WWTPs (18.5 g/d/1000 people) was ∼2 times higher than the average loading of saccharin. The daily discharge of sucralose from the WWTPs was the highest (17.6 g/d/1000 people), followed by acesulfame (1.22 g/d/1000 people), and saccharin (1.07 g/d/1000 people). Approximately, 1180 g of saccharin and 291 g of acesulfame were transformed in or removed daily from the two WWTPs. This is the first study to describe the fate of ASWs, including the fraction found in SPM and in sludge, in addition to the aqueous portion of wastewater in WWTPs.

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“…After ingestion, they pass through the human body, where they are largely unaffected by the metabolism, and reach the aquatic environment through domestic wastewater (Rodero et al 2009). They have been repeatedly detected in wastewater, groundwater, seawater, and tap water (Buerge et al 2009;Mead et al 2009;Van Stempvoort et al 2011). Because of their frequent occurrence in the aquatic environment (Table 1), artificial sweeteners are even used as anthropogenic wastewater markers (Buerge et al 2009;Oppenheimer et al 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibiotics and sweeteners in the aquatic environment: biodegradability, formation of phototransformation products, and in vitro toxicity

Bergheim

Gminski

Spangenberg

et al. 2015

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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In the present study, in vitro toxicity as well as biopersistence and photopersistence of four artificial sweeteners (acesulfame, cyclamate, saccharine, and sucralose) and five antibiotics (levofloxacin, lincomycin, linezolid, m a r b o f l o x a c i n , a n d s a r a f l o x a c i n ) a n d o f t h e i r phototransformation products (PTPs) were investigated. Furthermore, antibiotic activity was evaluated after UV irradiation and after exposure to inocula of a sewage treatment plant. The study reveals that most of the tested compounds and their PTPs were neither readily nor inherently biodegradable in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)-biodegradability tests. The study further demonstrates that PTPs are formed upon irradiation with an Hg lamp (UV light) and, to a lesser extent, upon irradiation with a Xe lamp (mimics sunlight). Comparing the nonirradiated with the corresponding irradiated solutions, a higher chronic toxicity against bacteria was found for the irradiated solutions of linezolid. Neither cytotoxicity nor genotoxicity was found in human cervical (HeLa) and liver (Hep-G2) cells for any of the investigated compounds or their PTPs. Antimicrobial activity of the tested fluoroquinolones was reduced after UV treatment, but it was not reduced after a 28-day exposure to inocula of a sewage treatment plant. This comparative study shows that PTPs can be formed as a result of UV treatment. The study further demonstrated that UV irradiation can be effective in reducing the antimicrobial activity of antibiotics, and * Marlies Bergheim

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Occurrence of the artificial sweetener sucralose in coastal and marine waters of the United States

Cited by 114 publications

References 15 publications

Organic micropollutants in the Yangtze River: Seasonal occurrence and annual loads

Organic micropollutants in the Yangtze River: Seasonal occurrence and annual loads

Fate of Artificial Sweeteners in Wastewater Treatment Plants in New York State, U.S.A.

Antibiotics and sweeteners in the aquatic environment: biodegradability, formation of phototransformation products, and in vitro toxicity

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