Occurrence of Tetrodotoxin in Bivalves and Gastropods from Harvesting Areas and Other Natural Spaces in Spain

Blanco, Lucía; Lago, Jorge; González, Virginia; Paz, Beatriz; Rambla-Alegre, Maria; Cabado, Ana G.

doi:10.3390/toxins11060331

Cited by 13 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 21 publications

(52 reference statements)

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“…Similar precision was obtained by Nzoughet et al in gastropods [25]. The sensitivity obtained was better or of the same order as most other published studies [12,14,24,25,27], and considered totally fit for purpose, though lower than the sensitivities obtained by Leão et al and Turner et al [13,21]. LOQ values of the latter are respectively of 0.9 and 0.8 µg TTX/kg.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…Since 2017, TTX levels in molluscs appear to have decreased in general. In Spain and Portugal, several studies have since been conducted [2,13,14,16]; for bivalves and gastropods, the proportion of samples where TTX was detected was very low (0.13%) and the maximum level measured was in a cockle sample from the Galician "rías" with a quantified value of 2.3 µg TTX/kg. In addition to the Iberian locations, two gastropod samples from the Moroccan coast [2] revealed the presence of TTXs (maximum value: 20 µg TTX eq/kg).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several European studies have been conducted since the EFSA risk assessment [12][13][14][15][16]. All these new data were obtained using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography associated with tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS/MS).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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First Detection of Tetrodotoxin in Bivalves and Gastropods from the French Mainland Coasts

Hort

Arnich

Guérin

et al. 2020

Toxins

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In 2015, tetrodotoxins (TTXs) were considered a potential threat in Europe since several studies had shown the presence of these toxins in European bivalve molluscs. In this study, we investigated the occurrence of TTXs in 127 bivalve samples (mussels and oysters) and in 66 gastropod samples (whelks) collected all along the French mainland coasts in 2017 and 2018. Analyses were carried out after optimization and in-house validation of a performing hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography associated with tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS/MS) method. The concentration set by European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) not expected to result in adverse effects (44 µg TTX equivalent/kg) was never exceeded, but TTX was detected in three mussel samples and one whelk sample (1.7–11.2 µg/kg). The tissue distribution of TTX in this whelk sample showed higher concentrations in the digestive gland, stomach and gonads (7.4 µg TTX/kg) than in the rest of the whelk tissues (below the limit of detection of 1.7 µg TTX/kg). This is the first study to report the detection of TTX in French molluscs.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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First Detection of Tetrodotoxin in Bivalves and Gastropods from the French Mainland Coasts

Hort

Arnich

Guérin

et al. 2020

Toxins

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“…Among these samples, TTX trace levels were observed in three mussel samples collected in Tavira (Formosa lagoon) in July and August ( Figure 2). These results are in agreement with the recent findings in Spain, the nearby country where no TTX have been found in bivalve mollusks in two TTX survey studies [16,18].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

Evaluation of the Occurrence of Tetrodotoxin in Bivalve Mollusks from the Portuguese Coast

Rodrigues

Pinto

Oliveira

et al. 2019

JMSE

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Occurrence of tetrodotoxin (TTX), a potent natural neurotoxin, in marine organisms and seafood from the European Union has been of increasing concern due to its relatively recent detection in bivalve mollusks and gastropods. Following a request of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) to EU Member States to obtain more data on TTX occurrence, this study collected 117 samples of bivalve mollusks, including mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis), oysters (Crassostrea gigas) and clams (Ruditapes philippinarum and Donax spp.), from the South and Southwest Portuguese coast between May and October 2018, for TTX determination and microbiological analysis. The analyses carried out by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS/MS) did not detect TTX in any sample, and microbiological analysis did not reveal high concentrations of Vibrio spp., which has been linked to the presence of TTX. Although preliminary, results from this study, the first investigating the presence of TTX in bivalve mollusks from the Portuguese coast, suggest that TTX may not represent a risk for human consumption of bivalve mollusks.

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“…This report further accelerated TTX investigation around the world. After this paper, more papers concerning TTX in Portugal and Spain were published [40][41][42][43].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal Variation of the Profile and Concentrations of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins and Tetrodotoxin in the Scallop, Patinopecten yessoensis, Cultured in a Bay of East Japan

et al. 2019

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Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) are the major neurotoxic contaminants of edible bivalves in Japan. Tetrodotoxin (TTX) was recently detected in bivalve shellfish around the world, drawing widespread attention. In Japan, high levels of TTX were reported in the digestive gland of the scallop, Patinopecten yessoensis, in 1993; however, no new data have emerged since then. In this study, we simultaneously analyzed PSTs and TTX in scallops cultured in a bay of east Japan using hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC)-MS/MS. These scallops were temporally collected from April to December 2017. The highest concentration of PSTs (182 µmol/kg, total congeners) in the hepatopancreas was detected in samples collected on May 23, lined to the cell density of the dinoflagellate, Alexandrium tamarense, in seawater around the scallops, whereas the highest concentration of TTX (421 nmol/kg) was detected in samples collected on August 22. Contrary to the previous report, temporal variation of the PSTs and TTX concentrations did not coincide. The highest concentration of TTX in the entire edible tissues was 7.3 µg/kg (23 nmol/kg) in samples obtained on August 22, which was lower than the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)-proposed threshold, 44 µg TTX equivalents/kg shellfish meat. In addition, 12β-deoxygonyautoxin 3 was firstly identified in scallops.

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Occurrence of Tetrodotoxin in Bivalves and Gastropods from Harvesting Areas and Other Natural Spaces in Spain

Cited by 13 publications

References 21 publications

First Detection of Tetrodotoxin in Bivalves and Gastropods from the French Mainland Coasts

First Detection of Tetrodotoxin in Bivalves and Gastropods from the French Mainland Coasts

Evaluation of the Occurrence of Tetrodotoxin in Bivalve Mollusks from the Portuguese Coast

Temporal Variation of the Profile and Concentrations of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins and Tetrodotoxin in the Scallop, Patinopecten yessoensis, Cultured in a Bay of East Japan

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