Occurrence of saxitoxins as a major toxin in the ovary of a marine puffer Arothron firmamentum

Nakashima, Kazuhito; Arakawa, Osamu; Taniyama, Shigeto; Nonaka, Mamoru; Takatani, Tomohiro; Yamamori, Kunio; Fuchi, Yuichi; Noguchi, Tamao

doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2003.05.001

Cited by 87 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Lethal potency was expressed in mouse units (MU), where 1 MU was defined as the amount of toxin required to kill a 20-g male ddY strain mouse within 30 min after intraperitoneal administration. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) analysis (Nakashima et al, 2004) revealed that the crude TTX was composed mainly of TTX and its analogues, such as 4-epiTTX and 4,9-anhydroTTX; TTX alone accounted for more than 90% of the total toxicity (data not shown).…”

Section: Preparation Of Toxin Solutionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transfer profile of intramuscularly administered tetrodotoxin to non-toxic cultured specimens of the pufferfish Takifugu rubripes

Ito

Murakami

et al. 2009

Toxicon

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Tetrodotoxin (TTX) was intramuscularly administered to non-toxic cultured specimens of the pufferfish Takifugu rubripes to investigate TTX transfer/accumulation profiles in the pufferfish body. In two groups of test fish administered either 50 MU/individual of TTX standard (purified TTX; PTTX) or crude extract of toxic pufferfish ovary (crude TTX; CTTX), TTX rapidly transferred from the muscle via the blood to other organs. The toxin transfer profiles differed between groups, however, from 4 to 72 h. In the PTTX group, little TTX was retained in the liver, and most (> 96%) of the toxin remaining in the body transferred/accumulated in the skin after 12 h, whereas in the CTTX group, a considerable amount of toxin (15%-23% of the administered toxin or 28%-58% of the remaining toxin) was transferred/retained in the liver for up to 24 h, despite the fact that 89% of the remaining toxin transferred/accumulated in the skin at the end of rearing period (168 h). The total amount of toxin remaining in the entire body at 1 to 4 h was approximately 60% of the administered toxin in both groups, which decreased at 8 to 12 h, and then increased again to approximately 60% to 80% at 24 to 168 h. Immunohistochemical observation revealed that the toxin accumulated in the skin was localized at the basal cells of the epidermal layer.

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Section: Preparation Of Toxin Solutionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transfer profile of intramuscularly administered tetrodotoxin to non-toxic cultured specimens of the pufferfish Takifugu rubripes

Ito

Murakami

et al. 2009

Toxicon

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“…We investigated the toxicity of "hoshifugu" Arothron firmamentum collected from Oita and Iwate Prefectures (Nakashima et al 2004). MBA showed that only ovary and skin of the female specimens were toxic, the toxicity scores being 5-740 as PSP and <5-30 MU/g as TTX, respectively.…”

Section: -4 Psp Of Marine Pufferfishmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxins of Pufferfish—Distribution, Accumulation　Mechanism, and Physiologic Functions

Arakawa¹,

Takatani²,

Taniyama³

et al. 2017

Aqua-BioSci. Monogr. (ABSM)

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Keywordsunit) is defined as the amount of toxin required to kill a 20-g male mouse within 30 min after intraperitoneal administration], and the minimum lethal dose (MLD) for humans is estimated to be approximately 10000 MU (ª2 mg) (Noguchi and Ebesu 2001).The main symptoms of human intoxication include numbness of lips, tongue and the limbs, paresthesia, dysarthria, respiratory distress, and death is caused by respiratory failure in the most critical cases (Noguchi and Ebesu 2001). According to Toda et al. (2012), 651 incidents of TTX poisoning due to pufferfish have occurred in Japan, involving 976 patients and 56 deaths during the 22 years from 1989 to 2010. Many cases occurred during the winter season in coastal prefectures of the Seto Inland Sea, with "komonfugu" Takifugu poecilonotus, "mafugu" Takifugu porphyreus, "higanfugu" Takifugu pardalis, "shosaifugu" Takifugu Abstract Our many years of studies have provided a lot of information regarding distribution, accumulation mechanism, and physiologic functions of the natural toxins harbored by pufferfish. We detected tetrodotoxin (TTX) and/or its derivatives in several species of aquatic organisms including marine bacteria. This, along with the fact that pufferfish became non-toxic when they were reared with non-toxic feed, indicated that the toxification of pufferfish is of exogenous origin. Subsequently, we revealed by various TTX administration experiments using non-toxic cultured pufferfish that the TTX administered into the muscle or digestive tract rapidly transferred to the liver and skin, and that the toxin transfer to the gonads was largely different between male and female, suggesting the involvement of maturation in the internal kinetics of TTX. On the other hand, we visualized micro-distribution of TTX in the tissues of various TTX-bearing organisms using an immunohistochemical technique, giving a crucial insight to elucidate physiologic functions of TTX including the function as a defensive or offensive agent. Furthermore, we found that Southeast Asian freshwater pufferfish possess paralytic shellfish poison (PSP) as a main toxin, and that boxfish and Bangladeshi freshwater pufferfish bear a palytoxin (PLTX)-like toxin, and cause a rhabdomyolysis, which overturned the common sense that pufferfish toxin equals TTX.

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“…Recently, some marine pufferfish (Arothron spp.) from the Philippines [33], and Arothron firmamentum from Japanese waters [34] were also reported to possess STXs as the major toxins. Furthermore, palytoxin-like substance(s), in addition to a small amount of PSP, were detected in a Bangladeshi freshwater pufferfish belonging to the genus Tetraodon [35].…”

Section: Ovary Testis Liver Skin Intestine Muscle Bloodmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tetrodotoxin – Distribution and Accumulation in Aquatic Organisms, and Cases of Human Intoxication

Noguch

Arakawa

2008

Marine Drugs

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Many pufferfish of the family Tetraodontidae possess a potent neurotoxin, tetrodotoxin (TTX). In marine pufferfish species, toxicity is generally high in the liver and ovary, whereas in brackish water and freshwater species, toxicity is higher in the skin. In 1964, the toxin of the California newt was identified as TTX as well, and since then TTX has been detected in a variety of other organisms. TTX is produced primarily by marine bacteria, and pufferfish accumulate TTX via the food chain that begins with these bacteria. Consequently, pufferfish become non-toxic when they are fed TTX-free diets in an environment in which the invasion of TTX-bearing organisms is completely shut off. Although some researchers claim that the TTX of amphibians is endogenous, we believe that it also has an exogenous origin, i.e., from organisms consumed as food. TTX-bearing animals are equipped with a high tolerance to TTX, and thus retain or accumulate TTX possibly as a biologic defense substance. There have been many cases of human intoxication due to the ingestion of TTX-bearing pufferfish, mainly in Japan, China, and Taiwan, and several victims have died. Several cases of TTX intoxication due to the ingestion of small gastropods, including some lethal cases, were recently reported in China and Taiwan, revealing a serious public health issue.

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Occurrence of saxitoxins as a major toxin in the ovary of a marine puffer Arothron firmamentum

Cited by 87 publications

References 22 publications

Transfer profile of intramuscularly administered tetrodotoxin to non-toxic cultured specimens of the pufferfish Takifugu rubripes

Transfer profile of intramuscularly administered tetrodotoxin to non-toxic cultured specimens of the pufferfish Takifugu rubripes

Toxins of Pufferfish—Distribution, Accumulation　Mechanism, and Physiologic Functions

Tetrodotoxin – Distribution and Accumulation in Aquatic Organisms, and Cases of Human Intoxication

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Occurrence of saxitoxins as a major toxin in the ovary of a marine puffer Arothron firmamentum

Cited by 87 publications

References 22 publications

Transfer profile of intramuscularly administered tetrodotoxin to non-toxic cultured specimens of the pufferfish Takifugu rubripes

Transfer profile of intramuscularly administered tetrodotoxin to non-toxic cultured specimens of the pufferfish Takifugu rubripes

Toxins of Pufferfish—Distribution, Accumulation Mechanism, and Physiologic Functions

Tetrodotoxin – Distribution and Accumulation in Aquatic Organisms, and Cases of Human Intoxication

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Toxins of Pufferfish—Distribution, Accumulation　Mechanism, and Physiologic Functions