Occurrence of sapogenins in leaves and seeds of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd)

Mastebroek, H.D.; Limburg, H.; Gilles, T.; Marvin, H.J.P.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0010(20000101)80:1<152::aid-jsfa503>3.0.co;2-p

Cited by 79 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Bioassays were made only with the var. Amarilla de Marangani given that the varieties of quinoa have the same chemical composition and differences lie in morphology, the time for phenological development and the concentration of these compounds in their tissues (Mastebroek et al, 2000;Bertero et al, 2004). The second bioassay consisted of the preference of females between two varieties of quinoa: Blanca de Junín and Amarilla de Marangani.…”

Section: Response Of the Female To Odour Stimulisupporting

confidence: 86%

Preference of Quinoa Moth: Eurysacca Melanocampta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) for Two Varieties of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) in Olfactometry Assays

Vázquez-Costa

Cosio

Cárdenas

et al. 2009

Chilean J. Agric. Res.

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Insects are attracted to plants by visual and olfactory cues. The quinoa moth, Eurysacca melanocampta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is the main insect pest of the quinoa crop, Chenopodium quinoa Willd. (Chenopodiales: Chenopodiaceae), in the southern Peruvian Andes, causing grain yield losses. The aim of this study was to investigate the behavioural response of adult quinoa moths to olfactory stimuli. Specifically, the objectives of this study were: 1) to determine the capacity of E. melanocampta adults of searching for quinoa plants using plant olfactory cues; 2) to determine the preference of E. melanocampta females for the odours derived from two varieties of quinoa: Amarilla de Marangani and Blanca de Junín; and 3) to assess the attraction of male quinoa moths to E. melanocampta females and the host plant in olfactometric bioassays. Adults preferred quinoa plant odour sources in choice tests when distilled water was used as a control (P < 0.0001). Females were more attracted to the Blanca de Junín variety than to Amarilla de Marangani variety (P < 0.05). Males were more attracted to the odour derived from females than to the volatile compounds from plants (both varieties) or to the odour blend derived from plants plus females together. The level of attraction of males towards females is negatively affected by the presence of the quinoa plants.

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Section: Response Of the Female To Odour Stimulisupporting

confidence: 86%

Preference of Quinoa Moth: Eurysacca Melanocampta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) for Two Varieties of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) in Olfactometry Assays

Vázquez-Costa

Cosio

Cárdenas

et al. 2009

Chilean J. Agric. Res.

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“…We found that saponins accumulate in the seed pericarp ( Table 9), adding to the almost 100 different saponins that have been previously identified in different samples of quinoa 32,36 . Naturally occurring sweet quinoa strains that contain very low levels of saponins are present within the quinoa germplasm 37 , although the underlying genes regulating the absence of saponins in these lines are unknown. To identify these genes, we performed linkage mapping and bulk segregant analysis (BSA) using two populations segregating for the presence of saponins in the seeds: Kurmi (sweet) × 0654 (bitter), and Atlas (sweet) × Carina Red (bitter).…”

Section: Mechanisms Underlying Saponin Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The genome of Chenopodium quinoa

Jarvis

Lightfoot

et al. 2017

Nature

588

706

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Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd., 2n = 4x = 36) is a highly nutritious crop that is adapted to thrive in a wide range of agroecosystems. It was presumably first domesticated more than 7,000 years ago by pre-Columbian cultures and was known as the 'mother grain' of the Incan Empire 1 . Quinoa has adapted to the high plains of the Andean Altiplano (> 3,500 m above sea level), where it has developed tolerance to several abiotic stresses [2][3][4] . Quinoa has gained international attention because of the nutritional value of its seeds, which are gluten-free, have a low glycaemic index 5 , and contain an excellent balance of essential amino acids, fibre, lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals 6 . Quinoa has the potential to provide a highly nutritious food source that can be grown on marginal lands not currently suitable for other major crops. This potential was recognized when the United Nations declared 2013 as the International Year of Quinoa, this being one of only three times a plant has received such a designation.Despite its agronomic potential, quinoa is still an underutilized crop 7 , with relatively few active breeding programs 8 . Breeding efforts to improve the crop for important agronomic traits are needed to expand quinoa production worldwide. To accelerate the improvement of quinoa, we present here the allotetraploid quinoa genome. We demonstrate the utility of the genome sequence by identifying a gene that probably regulates the presence of seed triterpenoid saponin content. Moreover, we sequenced the genomes of additional diploid and tetraploid Chenopodium species to characterize genetic diversity within the primary germplasm pool for quinoa and to understand sub-genome evolution in quinoa. Together, these resources provide the foundation for accelerating the genetic improvement of the crop, with the objective of enhancing global food security for a growing world population. Sequencing, assembly and annotationWe sequenced and assembled the genome of the coastal Chilean quinoa accession PI 614886 (BioSample accession code SAMN04338310) using single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing technology from Pacific Biosciences (PacBio) and optical and chromosome-contact maps from BioNano Genomics 9 and Dovetail Genomics 10 . The assembly contains 3,486 scaffolds, with a scaffold N50 of 3.84 Mb and 90% of the assembled genome contained in 439 scaffolds (Table 1). The total assembly size of 1.39 gigabases (Gb) is similar to the reported size estimates of the quinoa genome (1.45-1.50 Gb (refs 11,12)). To combine scaffolds into pseudomolecules, an existing linkage map from quinoa 13 was integrated with two new linkage maps. The resulting map (Extended Data Fig. 1) of 6,403 unique markers spans a total length of 2,034 centimorgans (cM) and consists of 18 linkage groups (Supplementary Table 7), corresponding to the haploid chromosome number of quinoa. Pseudomolecules (hereafter referred to as chromosomes, which are numbered according to a previously published single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) linkage ...

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“…These results are in agreement with the data reported by other authors. 35,37,38 These sapogenins were identified by their retention times and their mass spectra data obtained by GC-MS in comparison with the commercial standards. Oleanolic acid was identified by its most important fragment signals at m/z 600 (3.5%), m/z 585 (7.6%), m/z 482 (21.4%), m/z 320 (33.9%), and m/z 203 (100%).…”

Section: ■ Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Phenolic Compounds and Saponins in Quinoa Samples (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) Grown under Different Saline and Nonsaline Irrigation Regimens

Gómez-Caravaca

Iafelice

Lavini

et al. 2012

J. Agric. Food Chem.

117

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Quinoa is a pseudocereal from South America that has received increased interest around the world because it is a good source of different nutrients and rich in antioxidant compounds. Thus, this study has focused on the effects of different agronomic variables, such as irrigation and salinity, on the phenolic and saponin profiles of quinoa. It was observed that irrigation with 25% of full water restitution, with and without the addition of salt, was associated with increases in free phenolic compounds of 23.16 and 26.27%, respectively. In contrast, bound phenolic compounds were not affected by environmental stresses. Saponins decreased if samples were exposed to drought and saline regimens. In situations of severe water deficit, the saponins content decreased 45%, and 50% when a salt stress was added. The results suggest that irrigation and salinity may regulate the production of bioactive compounds in quinoa, influencing its nutritional and industrial values.

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Occurrence of sapogenins in leaves and seeds of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd)

Cited by 79 publications

References 13 publications

Preference of Quinoa Moth: Eurysacca Melanocampta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) for Two Varieties of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) in Olfactometry Assays

Preference of Quinoa Moth: Eurysacca Melanocampta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) for Two Varieties of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) in Olfactometry Assays

The genome of Chenopodium quinoa

Phenolic Compounds and Saponins in Quinoa Samples (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) Grown under Different Saline and Nonsaline Irrigation Regimens

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