Occurrence of rotaviruses and enteroviruses in recreational waters of Oak Creek, Arizona

Rose, Joan B.; Mullinax, Rebecca L.; Singh, Som Nath; Yates, Marylynn V.; Gerba, Charles P.

doi:10.1016/0043-1354(87)90012-1

Cited by 32 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Similar studies were later reported by Rose et al (1991) and by Smith and DuFour (1993). Studies have also been conducted under natural settings: Rose and colleagues (1987) examined the water quality of Oak Creek, a recreational stream in Arizona, for rotaviruses and enteroviruses above and below an area heavily used by bathers. No viruses were detected upstream of the recreation area; however, significant concentrations of viruses were found downstream.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predicted Public Health Consequences of Body‐contact Recreation ON A POTABLE WATER RESERVOIR

Stewart¹,

Yates²,

Anderson³

et al. 2002

Journal AWWA

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The Metropolitan Water District of Southern California recently completed construction of an 800,000 acre-ft (1 × 10 9 m 3 ) drinking water reservoir. Recreational activities, including swimming and other sports involving direct body contact (BC) with the water, have been the subject of considerable interest by local community members. Consequently, a modelingbased risk assessment study was conducted to assess the potential public health consequences to downstream potable water users consuming water from this reservoir if BC recreation was permitted. Results of the study indicated that the annual risk of waterborne illness would increase three times above background, despite conventional treatment.Moreover, the occurrence of high-loading pathogen events associated with BC recreation was observed to significantly increase the daily risk of waterborne illness to downstream consumers. The study also considered the cost of additional treatment that would be necessary to address the increased risk. The modeling approach used in this study provides guidance for policymakers and stakeholders who are examining issues associated with BC recreation and drinking water reservoirs.ater-based recreational sports-such as swimming, waterskiing, use of personal watercraft (PWC), sailing, and fishing-may be considered an asset to those communities with lakes or reservoirs available for such activities. In many cases, these same bodies of water are also used as the primary source for drinking water. Consequently, the desire for recreational opportunities can be in conflict when these activities compromise the quality of drinking water sources. Moreover, emerging regulatory requirements that place greater emphasis on source water protection, coupled with community interest in meeting growing recreational demands or enhancing eco-W watershed management Body-contact recreational activities such as swimming and waterskiing on lakes and reservoirs used as drinking water sources can compromise the quality of the water.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predicted Public Health Consequences of Body‐contact Recreation ON A POTABLE WATER RESERVOIR

Stewart¹,

Yates²,

Anderson³

et al. 2002

Journal AWWA

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“…2005). Rose et al. (1987) reported that enterovirus and rotavirus could be readily isolated from the recreational waters of Oak Creek, Arizona, despite the faecal indicators within the range of regulatory limits (200 faecal coliform per 100 ml).…”

Section: The Role Of Bacterial Indicators Of Water Qualitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other studies have found that even water that is only marginally polluted or meets state or local water quality requirements can be the source of outbreaks of disease or can contain enteric viruses (Cabelli et al. 1979, 1982; Rose et al. 1987).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viruses in recreational water-borne disease outbreaks: a review

Sinclair¹,

Jones²,

Gerba³

2009

Journal of Applied Microbiology

303

221

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Summary Viruses are believed to be a significant cause of recreationally associated water‐borne disease. However, they have been difficult to document because of the wide variety of illnesses that they cause and the limitations in previous detection methods. Noroviruses are believed to be the single largest cause of outbreaks, which have been documented in the published literature 45% (n = 25), followed by adenovirus (24%), echovirus (18%), hepatitis A virus (7%) and coxsackieviruses (5%). Just under half of the outbreaks occurred in swimming pools (49%), while the second largest outbreak occurred in lakes or ponds (40%). The number of reported outbreaks associated with noroviruses has increased significantly in recent years probably because of better methods for virus detection. Inadequate disinfection was related to 69% (n = 18) of swimming pool outbreaks. A lack of required reporting and nonuniform water quality and chlorination/disinfection standards continues to contribute to water‐borne recreational disease outbreaks.

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“…Over 100 types of pathogenic viruses are excreted in human and animal wastes (108). These viruses can be transported in the environment through groundwater, estuarine water, seawater, rivers, aerosols emitted from sewage treatment plants, insufficiently treated water, drinking water, and private wells that receive treated or untreated wastewater either directly or indirectly (9,93,99,131,146,169). These viruses, collectively known as enteric viruses, usually are transmitted via the fecaloral route and primarily infect and replicate in the gastrointestinal tract of the host.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enteric Viruses of Humans and Animals in Aquatic Environments: Health Risks, Detection, and Potential Water Quality Assessment Tools

Fong

Lipp

2005

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

627

450

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Waterborne enteric viruses threaten both human and animal health. These pathogens are host specific and cause a wide range of diseases and symptoms in humans or other animals. While considerable research has documented the risk of enteric viruses to human health from contact with contaminated water, the current bacterial indicator-based methods for evaluation of water quality are often ineffectual proxies for pathogenic viruses. Additionally, relatively little work has specifically investigated the risk of waterborne viruses to animal health, and this risk currently is not addressed by routine water quality assessments. Nonetheless, because of their host specificity, enteric viruses can fulfill a unique role both for assessing health risks and as measures of contamination source in a watershed, yet the use of animal, as well as human, host-specific viruses in determining sources of fecal pollution has received little attention. With improved molecular detection assays, viruses from key host groups can be targeted directly using PCR amplification or hybridization with a high level of sensitivity and specificity. A multispecies viral analysis would provide needed information for controlling pollution by source, determining human health risks based on assessments of human virus loading and exposure, and determining potential risks to production animal health and could indicate the potential for the presence of other zoonotic pathogens. While there is a need to better understand the prevalence and environmental distribution of nonhuman enteric viruses, the development of improved methods for specific and sensitive detection will facilitate the use of these microbes for library-independent source tracking and water quality assessment tools

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Occurrence of rotaviruses and enteroviruses in recreational waters of Oak Creek, Arizona

Cited by 32 publications

References 14 publications

Predicted Public Health Consequences of Body‐contact Recreation ON A POTABLE WATER RESERVOIR

Predicted Public Health Consequences of Body‐contact Recreation ON A POTABLE WATER RESERVOIR

Viruses in recreational water-borne disease outbreaks: a review

Enteric Viruses of Humans and Animals in Aquatic Environments: Health Risks, Detection, and Potential Water Quality Assessment Tools

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