The chemical structure of the K52 antigenic capsular polysaccharide (K52 antigen) of Escherichia coli O4:K52:H− was elucidated by composition, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, methylation, periodate oxidation before and after graded acid hydrolysis and by oligosaccharide analysis. The polysaccharide consists of a backbone of α‐galactose units interlinked between C1 and C3 by phosphodiester bridges. This poly(α‐galactosyl‐phosphate) is substituted at C2 of each galactose unit by β‐fructofuranose residues. About 80% of the galactose units are O‐acetylated at C4 and about 10% of the fructose units are both O‐acetylated and O‐propionylated at C1. The K52 polysaccharide has an average molecular mass of 34 kDa, thus consisting of approximately 65 fructosyl‐galactosyl‐phosphate repeating units.