Occurrence of phthalates in aquatic environment and their removal during wastewater treatment processes: a review

Abstract

Phthalates are plasticizers and are concerned environmental endocrine-disrupting compounds. Due to their extensive usage in plastic manufacturing and personal care products as well as the potential to leach out from these products, phthalates have been detected in various aquatic environments including drinking water, groundwater, surface water, and wastewater. The primary source of their environmental occurrence is the discharge of phthalate-laden wastewater and sludge. This review focuses on recent knowledge on the occurrence of phthalate in different aquatic environments and their fate in conventional and advanced wastewater treatment processes. This review also summarizes recent advances in biological removal and degradation mechanisms of phthalates, identifies knowledge gaps, and suggests future research directions.

Epoxidized castor oil‐based diglycidyl‐phthalate plasticizer: Synthesis and thermal stabilizing effects on poly(vinyl chloride)

“…The DMA results with each of the plasticizers are depicted in Figure and Table . It can be observed that each of the curves have just one peak, suggesting that the plasticizer had good compatibility with PVC and the compounds were homogenous . Glass transition temperature ( T g ) is an important metric of plasticizing efficiency; it can be determined as the temperature at the maximum of the tan δ curve.…”

“…Phthalate use in children's toys, food packaging, and medical devices, among others, has been restricted in many countries . However, given the current petroleum shortages, increasing numbers of researchers have focused on plasticizers from renewable materials …”

Occurrence and Health Risks of Organic Micro-Pollutants and Metals in Groundwater of Chinese Rural Areas

“…2013 ; Winkel et al. 2011 ), phthalates [phthalic acid esters (PAEs)]; Gani et al. 2017 ; Jiang et al.…”

A suggested bisphenol A metabolite (MBP) interfered with reproductive organ development in the chicken embryo while a human-relevant mixture of phthalate monoesters had no such effects

“…Phthalates, or phthalic acid esters, are utilized as plasticizers and solvents. Similar to BPA, the use of phthalates in numerous products results in widespread human exposure (Wormuth et al 2006), and various phthalates are ubiquitously present in the environment (Gani, Tyagi, and Kazmi 2017). Phthalates have been suggested to contribute to male reproductive disorders, including testicular dysgenesis syndrome which may have fetal origin (Bornehag et al 2015;Dorman et al 2018;Habert et al 2009;Radke et al 2018;Skakkebaek, Rajpert-De Meyts, and Main 2001;Swan et al 2015).…”