Occurrence of phenols and phenoxyacid herbicides in environmental waters using an imprinted polymer as a selective sorbent

Abstract

A monitoring program was developed for the environmental analysis of four phenols and three phenoxyacid herbicides in natural surface and ground water samples from the vineyard region of La Rioja (Spain). An analytical method based on molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction was developed for the determination of the impact of these compounds on the quality of environmental water samples. Different parameters were evaluated and optimized to achieve limits of detection in the 20-90 ng L(-1) range for both surface and ground water, with relative standard deviations in the 12-18% range. A comparative study of the behavior of the imprinted polymer compared with traditional sorbents (C18 and Oasis HLB) in the analysis of river water was performed. The results revealed that bisphenol-A is the most ubiquitous compound (present in more than 50% of the samples), with values up to 0.72 μg L(-1). Bisphenol-F was also detected in several samples (33% of the samples), although in concentration lower than Bisphenol-A. The herbicide 2,4-D was frequently detected in water samples (present in 33% of the samples), with concentrations above 0.1 μg L(-1) in two samples.

Thermo-Responsive Molecularly Imprinted Hydrogels for Selective Adsorption and Controlled Release of Phenol From Aqueous Solution

“…MIPs have the advantages of specific recognition, low cost, and excellent chemical, thermal, and mechanical stability (Urraca et al, 2007). Nowadays, MIPs have been applied in more and more fields, such as separation, chiral chromatographic column, solid-phase extraction, chemosensor, enzyme mimic catalysis (Li et al, 2007; Díaz-Díaz et al, 2011; Valero-Navarroa et al, 2011; Liang et al, 2012; Plewa et al, 2012; Herrero-Hernández et al, 2013), and so on.…”

Critical and systematic evaluation of data for estimating human exposures to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) – quality and generalizability

“…Eight of the studies provided some information on sample storage time (Table S4) (Cohen et al 1990;DeLorenzo et al 2012;Herrero-Hernandez et al 2013;King and Balogh 2010;Loos et al 2009Loos et al , 2010aLoos, Locoro, and Contini 2010b;Wiergowski et al 2000) but did not demonstrate that 2,4-D was stable over time from collection through analysis (Tier 2). The remainder of studies were Tier 3 for demonstration of analyte stability.…”

Selective and Sensitive Chemiluminescence Determination of MCPB: Flow Injection and Liquid Chromatography

“…The usual mobile phases contain an acid (such as phosphoric or acetic) and an organic solvent (mainly acetonitrile or methanol) in gradient elution mode. [6][7][8]25 In some cases, a PLRP-S column with water:acetonitrile mobile phase 26 or a Luna PFP(2) column with formic acid:acetonitrile mobile phase 5 have been employed.…”

“…Most of the analytical methods developed in recent years, for the determination of the phenoxyacid herbicides in water samples, are based on the separation of the pesticides by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with diode array, ultraviolet (UV), coulometric, and mass (MS) detection. These methods propose combining HPLC with preconcentration or extraction techniques such as supramolecular solvent-based microextraction, 4 molecularly imprinted polymers, 5,6 and solid phase extraction (SPE) with C18 cartridges 7 or with poly(divinylbenzene-co-N-vinylpirrolidone) sorbent. 8 Other methods involve the separation of the pesticides by gas chromatography (GC) with MS detection combined with derivatization techniques 9 or with extraction techniques such as phase transfer microextraction 10 and liquid–liquid extraction combined with dispersive SPE.…”