Occurrence of paralytic shellfish poison (PSP) in the starfish Asterina pectinifera collected from the Kure Bay, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan

Ito, Katsutoshi; Asakawa, Manabu; Sida, Yasuo; Miyazawa, Keiji

doi:10.1016/s0041-0101(02)00290-8

Cited by 23 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Regarding starfish, we reported 14 positive samples for PSTs, and nine of them exceeded the legal limit. In prior studies, PSTs were also detected in these matrices, though in smaller amounts and always below the legal European limit [ 11 , 44 , 45 , 46 ]. It is important to note that, to the best of our knowledge, we reported here the presence of PSTs in the holothuridae group for the first time [ 26 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Paralytic Shellfish Toxins Occurrence in Non-Traditional Invertebrate Vectors from North Atlantic Waters (Azores, Madeira, and Morocco)

Silva

Rey

Barreiro

et al. 2018

Toxins

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Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) are potent alkaloids of microalgal and cyanobacterial origin, with worldwide distribution. Over the last 20 years, the number of poisoning incidents has declined as a result of the implementation of legislation and monitoring programs based on bivalves. In the summer of 2012 and 2013, we collected a total of 98 samples from 23 different species belonging to benthic and subtidal organisms, such as echinoderms, crustaceans, bivalves, and gastropods. The sampling locations were Madeira, São Miguel Island (Azores archipelago), and the northwestern coast of Morocco. The samples were analyzed using post-column oxidation liquid chromatography with a fluorescence detection method. Our main goal was to detect new vectors for these biotoxins. After reporting a total of 59 positive results for PSTs with 14 new vectors identified, we verified that some of the amounts exceeded the limit value established in the EU. These results suggest that routine monitoring of saxitoxin and its analogs should be extended to more potential vectors other than bivalves, including other edible organisms, for a better protection of public health.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Paralytic Shellfish Toxins Occurrence in Non-Traditional Invertebrate Vectors from North Atlantic Waters (Azores, Madeira, and Morocco)

Silva

Rey

Barreiro

et al. 2018

Toxins

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“…The highest concentrations of toxins were reported in the starfish collected from the Suffolk beach, two days after the second dog death. Worldwide, there are relatively few papers describing PST in starfish species [ 9 , 10 , 11 ] and no reports of starfish being implicated in PSP intoxication cases [ 18 ]. With these studies based on samples from Japan and Taiwan, there is no reported evidence to date of starfish from Europe being affected by PST.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PST in starfish was considered to originate as a consequence of feeding on detritus [ 11 ], whilst [ 9 ] reported A. amurensis was contaminated directly through feeding on bivalves. In Chile, the PSP toxicity in the starfish ( Stichaster striatus ) was also attributed to the capturing of toxins through feeding on PST-contaminated clams and mussels [ 12 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Toxin occurrence in fish has been reported in the United Kingdom (UK) previously, including species of flatfish such as Dab, as well as in seals [ 8 ]. To date, there are only a few reports of PST in starfish, with all occurrences detected outside of Europe [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ]. No testing has been conducted for marine toxins in starfish in Europe to date, presumably given that these animals are considered unsuitable for consumption in European countries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fatal Canine Intoxications Linked to the Presence of Saxitoxins in Stranded Marine Organisms Following Winter Storm Activity

Turner

Dhanji‐Rapkova

Dean

et al. 2018

Toxins

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At the start of 2018, multiple incidents of dog illnesses were reported following consumption of marine species washed up onto the beaches of eastern England after winter storms. Over a two-week period, nine confirmed illnesses including two canine deaths were recorded. Symptoms in the affected dogs included sickness, loss of motor control, and muscle paralysis. Samples of flatfish, starfish, and crab from the beaches in the affected areas were analysed for a suite of naturally occurring marine neurotoxins of dinoflagellate origin. Toxins causing paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) were detected and quantified using two independent chemical testing methods in samples of all three marine types, with concentrations over 14,000 µg saxitoxin (STX) eq/kg found in one starfish sample. Further evidence for PSP intoxication of the dogs was obtained with the positive identification of PSP toxins in a vomited crab sample from one deceased dog and in gastrointestinal samples collected post mortem from a second affected dog. Together, this is the first report providing evidence of starfish being implicated in a PSP intoxication case and the first report of PSP in canines.

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“…Detection limits as low as 30 pg were obtained for positive ions of several saxitoxin analogs [34]. Since then, many other groups have established LC/ESI assays for PSPs with equally good sensitivities, mainly utilizing single or triple-quadrupole mass spectrometers, although some authors have successfully established ESI methods on ion-trap [35], time-of-flight [36] and quadrupole time-of-flight instruments [25].…”

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confidence: 99%

Gas-phase dissociation reactions of protonated saxitoxin and neosaxitoxin

Sleno

Volmer

Kovačević

et al. 2004

J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the behavior of the protonated paralytic shellfish poisons saxitoxin (STX) and neosaxitoxin (NEO) in the gas-phase after ion activation using different tandem mass spectrometry techniques. STX and NEO belong to a group of neurotoxins produced by several strains of marine dinoflagellates. Their chemical structures are based on a tetrahydropurine skeleton to which a 5-membered ring is fused. STX and NEO only vary in their substituent at N-1, with STX carrying hydrogen and NEO having a hydroxyl group at this position. The collision-induced dissociation (CID) spectra exhibited an unusually rich variety and abundance of species due to the large number of functional groups within the small skeletal structures. Starting with triple-quadrupole CID spectra as templates, linked ion-trap MSn data were added to provide tentative dissociation schemes. Subsequent high-resolution FTICR experiments gave exact mass data for product ions formed via infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD) from which elemental formulas were derived. Calculations of proton affinities of STX and NEO suggested that protonation took place at the guanidinium group in the pyrimidine ring for both molecules. Most of the observed parallel and consecutive fragmentations could be rationalized through neutral losses of H2O, NH3, CO, CO2, CH2O and different isocyanate, ketenimine and diimine species, many of which were similar for STX and NEO. Several exceptions, however, were noted and differences could be readily correlated with reactions involving NEO's additional hydroxyl group. A few interesting variations between CID and IRMPD spectra are also highlighted in this paper.

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Occurrence of paralytic shellfish poison (PSP) in the starfish Asterina pectinifera collected from the Kure Bay, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan

Cited by 23 publications

References 8 publications

Paralytic Shellfish Toxins Occurrence in Non-Traditional Invertebrate Vectors from North Atlantic Waters (Azores, Madeira, and Morocco)

Paralytic Shellfish Toxins Occurrence in Non-Traditional Invertebrate Vectors from North Atlantic Waters (Azores, Madeira, and Morocco)

Fatal Canine Intoxications Linked to the Presence of Saxitoxins in Stranded Marine Organisms Following Winter Storm Activity

Gas-phase dissociation reactions of protonated saxitoxin and neosaxitoxin

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