Occurrence of parabens, triclosan and triclocarban in paired human urine and indoor dust from two typical cities in China and its implications for human exposure

The Presence of Triclosan in Human Hair Samples in Poland—A Pilot Study

“…On one side, such exposure is connected with the common use of TCS in the production of personal care products, cosmetics, medicaments and numerous other everyday objects [ 1 , 2 ]. On the other side, it may also indicate a relatively high level of environmental pollution with triclosan, which has been confirmed by previous studies, which described the presence of TCS in water, indoor dust, soil and food [ 2 , 3 , 7 ]. Moreover, during the present investigation, highly visible differences were noted between particular volunteers included in the study; this observation is in agreement with previous studies concerning human exposure to TCS using various matrices ( Table 3 ).…”

“…The widespread use of TCS has resulted in the release of this compound into the environment. Up to now, TCS has been found in surface and tap water, soil, dust and food, and the concentration levels of this substance clearly depend on the part of the world where the studies were carried out [ 1 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ], which may result from the industrialization of the various regions studied and/or differences in the use of triclosan in different regions of the world. It should be pointed out that the presence of TCS has also been described in relatively non-polluted areas away from human habitation, such as the Antarctic coast, which undoubtedly proves the global impact of human activity on the natural environment [ 8 ].…”

“…Mainly, it penetrates the digestive tract and skin, but it can also enter the organism through the mucosal membrane of the oral cavity and lungs [ 1 , 9 , 10 , 11 ]. The majority of investigations have described the presence of TCS in urine samples [ 7 , 12 , 13 , 14 ], but this substance has also been noted in blood serum [ 15 ], hair [ 16 , 17 ], nails [ 18 ], breast milk [ 19 ] and some tissues including the liver, adipose tissue and/or nervous system [ 20 ]. The presence of TCS has also been noted in domestic and wild animals [ 21 , 22 ].…”

Comprehensive insight into triclosan—from widespread occurrence to health outcomes

“…Interestingly, based on the study conducted in France, TCS concentrations varied between the observed locations (house, apartment, day nursery and office), and the office was identified as the most contaminated site (0.794 pmol/m 3 ) (Laborie et al 2016 ). The TCS was also measured in 100% of indoor dust from Beijing at the levels up to 4075.4 nmol/kg (Wang et al 2021 ). However, TCS was found in much lower concentrations (up to 759.8 nmol/kg) in indoor dust samples in Belgium (Geens et al 2009a ).…”

“…In the recently published study, the positive correlations were found between urinary TCS levels and indoor dust samples (Zhang et al 2021 ). Based on the paired human urine and indoor dust samples, the addition of indoor dust ingestion to the total TCS exposure was minor (Zhang et al 2021 ; Wang et al 2021 ). However, the obtained findings imply that indoor dust is also an important source of human exposure to TCS.…”