Occurrence of nitrosamines and their precursors in drinking water systems around mainland China

Bei, Er; Shu, Yuanyuan; Li, Shixiang; Liao, Xiaobin; Wang, Jun; Zhang, Xiaojian; Chen, Chao; Krasner, Stuart W.

doi:10.1016/j.watres.2016.04.013

Cited by 141 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…In the BAC effluent, the FP‐Cl 2 concentrations of the four THM species were 104 μg/L of TCM (53%), 54 μg/L of DCBM (28%), 32 μg/L of CDBM (16%), and 6.1 μg/L of TBM (3%). The bromine‐incorporation factor (BIF) of FP‐Cl 2 increased from 0.31 to 0.48 along the treatment train, which matches with previous research (Krasner et al 2016). The BIF of the FP test is less than what is formed under normal chlorination conditions because the high dose of chlorine in an FP test can outcompete bromine (Symons et al 1993).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

Control of Nitrosamines, THMs, and HAAs in Heavily Impacted Water with O₃‐BAC

et al. 2017

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Comprehensive control of regulated trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs), as well as nitrosamines, is needed to address forthcoming regulations. The formation potentials (FPs) of these disinfection by‐products (DBPs) with chlorination (Cl2) and chloramination (NH2Cl) were investigated along the treatment train of a conventional and ozone‐biologically active carbon (O3‐BAC) process. The nitrosamines FP‐NH2Cl, THM FP‐Cl2, and HAA FP‐Cl2 in heavily impacted source water in China were as high as 333 ng/L, 307 µg/L, and 247 µg/L, respectively, indicating that there was a high risk of DBP formation in the finished water. A combination of conventional and O3‐BAC processes reduced nitrosamine FP‐NH2Cl to 39 ng/L, achieving an 88% removal. This process also reduced THM FP‐Cl2 and HAA FP‐Cl2 to 197 and 174 µg/L, with fairly low removals of 36 and 29.5%, respectively. The strategy for this water was to apply conventional and O3‐BAC processes to substantially eliminate nitrosamine precursors and then apply chloramination to control THMs and HAAs.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

Control of Nitrosamines, THMs, and HAAs in Heavily Impacted Water with O₃‐BAC

et al. 2017

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“…However, even discounting the extremely high disinfectant concentration, the Australian Drinking Water Guideline value of 100 ng/L for NDMA (NHMRC‐NRMMC 2011) was not exceeded. The concentrations of NDMA measured in this study were comparable to those reported by Woods et al (2015) using a similar procedure on samples from three US surface water treatment plants, but were generally lower than in many other bench‐scale, high‐dose disinfectant studies on rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and groundwaters where concentrations of NDMA >50 ng/L and up to 757 ng/L have been reported (Bei et al 2016, Uzun et al 2015, Chen & Westerhoff 2010, Chen & Valentine 2006). The presence of high concentrations of NDMA precursors in source waters is thought to be related to wastewater and agricultural impacts (Bei et al 2016, Uzun et al 2015, Chen & Valentine 2006), which are likely to be absent for the Western Australia source waters the authors studied.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 78%

“…The N ‐nitrosamine precursor analysis was undertaken to examine the total formation potential of eight species of N ‐nitrosamines from this drinking water source by using an initial concentration of 2 m M Cl 2 or NH 2 Cl over 10 days. While other researchers have performed high‐dose chloramination experiments in order to determine the total NDMA formation potential of drinking or source waters (Chen & Westerhoff 2010; Chen & Valentine 2007, 2006; Mitch et al 2003a), to the authors' knowledge, this is the first study to assess the formation potential using high‐dose chlorination. A sample of the raw water was also analyzed to determine whether any N ‐nitrosamines were present in the raw source water, or if N ‐nitrosamine contamination was introduced through the analysis or sampling process.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The N ‐nitrosamine that is most frequently detected in drinking water is NDMA, which is often, but not always, associated with anthropogenic impact on the source water and with chloraminated drinking waters (Uzun et al 2015, Krasner et al 2013, Charrois et al 2007, Mitch et al 2003a). Eight other N ‐nitrosamines have also been reported in drinking waters, but they are detected less frequently and at lower concentrations (typically <10 ng/L) than NDMA (Bei et al 2016; Liew et al 2016; Wang et al 2016; Brisson et al 2013; Templeton & Chen 2010; Charrois et al 2007, 2004). N ‐nitrosamines that have previously been detected in chloraminated systems include N ‐nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR), N ‐nitrosomorpholine (NMOR) (Boyd et al 2011, Charrois et al 2004), and N ‐nitrosoethylmethylamine, or NEMA (Brisson et al 2013).…”

Section: N‐nitrosamines Identified As Disinfection By‐products With mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…N ‐nitrosamines that have been detected in chlorinated waters include N ‐nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), NPYR, and NMOR (Planas et al 2008), N ‐nitrosodibutylamine, or NDBA (Templeton & Chen 2010), and N ‐nitrosopiperidine, or NPIP (Brisson et al 2013). Recent studies from China have shown more frequent occurrence of N ‐nitrosamines at higher concentrations (Bei et al 2016, Wang et al 2016). This higher formation has been linked to the presence of secondary amines (e.g., dimethylamine and diethylamine) in the source water (Ma et al 2012, Wang et al 2011), failure to achieve breakpoint chlorination at many Chinese drinking water treatment plants (Bei et al 2016), and the potential effect of wastewater and industrial discharge on drinking water quality (Bei et al 2016, Wang et al 2016).…”

Section: N‐nitrosamines Identified As Disinfection By‐products With mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Formation of N‐Nitrosamines in Drinking Water Sources: Case Studies from Western Australia

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This study investigated the formation of eight N‐nitrosamines after laboratory chlorination and chloramination of Western Australian source waters (from protected catchments), which experience periodic cyanobacterial blooms. All measured N‐nitrosamines, except N‐nitrosodipropylamine, were detected at least once, and total N‐nitrosamine formation was higher after chloramination than after chlorination. While previous studies have shown that some cyanobacteria can be related to the formation of N‐nitrosamines, formation of N‐nitrosamines in the waters tested did not correlate with total cyanobacteria count. Estimates of toxicity, using published 50% lifetime excess cancer risk values, indicated that N‐nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) was the highest contributor to the total measured N‐nitrosamine toxicity, suggesting that other measured N‐nitrosamines will only influence toxicity when they are present at significantly higher concentrations than NDMA. When assessing the overall health impact of disinfection by‐products, it is important to also consider the formation of disinfection by‐products other than N‐nitrosamines, which may be present at higher concentrations and thus may present higher toxicity.

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