Occurrence of nitrifying bacteria and nitrification in Finnish drinking water distribution systems

Lipponen, M. T. T.; Suutari, Merja; Martikainen, Pertti J.

doi:10.1016/s0043-1354(02)00169-0

Cited by 94 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…From the hydroxylamine inter-mediate, AOB then produce nitrite. Excess nitrite increases chloramine demand, often eliminating the residual, and there is a decrease in dissolved oxygen and often an increase in the number of heterotrophic bacteria (19,29). Nitrite also has some associated health risks as it can react with secondary amines to produce carcinogenic compounds, such as nitrosamines (19).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Excess nitrite increases chloramine demand, often eliminating the residual, and there is a decrease in dissolved oxygen and often an increase in the number of heterotrophic bacteria (19,29). Nitrite also has some associated health risks as it can react with secondary amines to produce carcinogenic compounds, such as nitrosamines (19). The disappearance of nitrite from distribution systems is most often attributed to chemical oxidation by chloramine (20), which in turn produces more ammonia and nitrate.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These indicators include the chemical indicators chloramine residual, oxidized nitrogen (nitrite and nitrate), dissolved oxygen, and the concentration of free and total ammonia. In addition, biological indicators determined by culture-based technologies are commonly assessed, and these include the number of bacteria culturable by routine heterotrophic plate counting (HPC) and the abundance of AOB detected using routine liquid mostprobable-number (MPN) assays (6,19,29,45).…”

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Culture-Independent Techniques for Rapid Detection of Bacteria Associated with Loss of Chloramine Residual in a Drinking Water System

Hoefel

Monis

Grooby

et al. 2005

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Chloramination is often the disinfection regimen of choice for extended drinking water systems. However, this process is prone to instability due to the growth of nitrifying bacteria. This is the first study to use alternative approaches for rapid investigation of chloraminated drinking water system instability in which flow cytometric cell sorting of bacteria with intact membranes (membrane-intact fraction) (BacLight kit) or with active esterases (esterase-active fraction) (carboxyfluorescein diacetate) was combined with 16S rRNA genedirected PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). No active bacteria were detected when water left the water treatment plant (WTP), but 12 km downstream the chloramine residual had diminished and the level of active bacteria in the bulk water had increased to more than 1 ؋ 10 5 bacteria ml ؊1 . The bacterial diversity in the system was represented by six major DGGE bands for the membrane-intact fraction and 10 major DGGE bands for the esterase-active fraction. PCR targeting of the 16S rRNA gene of chemolithotrophic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and subsequent DGGE and DNA sequence analysis revealed the presence of an active Nitrosospira-related species and Nitrosomonas cryotolerans in the system, but no AOB were detected in the associated WTP. The abundance of active AOB was then determined by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) targeting the amoA gene; 3.43 ؋ 10 3 active AOB ml ؊1 were detected in the membraneintact fraction, and 1.40 ؋ 10 4 active AOB ml ؊1 were detected in the esterase-active fraction. These values were several orders of magnitude greater than the 2.5 AOB ml ؊1 detected using a routine liquid most-probablenumber assay. Culture-independent techniques described here, in combination with existing chemical indicators, should allow the water industry to obtain more comprehensive data with which to make informed decisions regarding remedial action that may be required either prior to or during an instability event.For extended drinking water systems, chloramine (in particular, monochloramine) is often the preferred disinfectant. Chloramine is less reactive than free chlorine, maintains an extended disinfection residual (45), and produces lower concentrations of disinfection by-products, such as trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids (5,23,28). Despite these advantages, the use of chloramine can introduce ammonia into a distribution system, both as excess ammonia from chloramine formation and as released ammonia from chloramine decay. These factors may lead to biological instability in such systems due to biological nitrification by nitrifying bacteria, such as the chemolithotrophic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) (34,35).Nitrification episodes in chloraminated distribution systems are common, and there is evidence that 63% of medium and large utilities in the United States have experienced episodes of nitrification (45). Cunliffe (6) studied five chloraminated distribution systems in South Australia and found that 64...

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Culture-Independent Techniques for Rapid Detection of Bacteria Associated with Loss of Chloramine Residual in a Drinking Water System

Hoefel

Monis

Grooby

et al. 2005

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…Nitrifying bacteria, when compared with the heterotrophic organisms, are very much slower growing. Watson et al (1989) observed that the doubling times of these bacteria range from 8 hours to several days and that they have a tendency to attach to surfaces and to grow in cell aggregates referred to as zoogloeae or cysts (Lipponen et al 2002). In order to maintain an effective population of nitrifying bacteria within a biological reactor, a long retention time is required (Barber and Stuckey 2000).…”

Section: Enumeration Of Ammonia-oxidizing Bacteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Various approaches, both culture dependent and independent have been applied to analyze and compare the microbial structure of biomass. However, culture dependent methods are biased by the selection of species which obviously do not represent the real dominant structure (Wagner et al 1995;Lipponen et al 2002). Recently, the development of culture independent molecular techniques, like fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) improved the analysis of environmental samples.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Ammonia-oxidizing Bacteria (AOB) in the Biofilm and Suspended Growth Biomass of Fully- and Partially-packed Biological Aerated Filters

Sujá¹

2011

Biomass - Detection, Production and Usage

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Nitrification in a Model Distribution System Fed with Reclaimed Water from a Wastewater Treatment Plant

Wang

Pei

Fan

et al. 2015

CLEAN Soil Air Water

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This study characterized the nitrification in a reclaimed water distribution system (DS) and the population size of ammonium-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) distributed along the flow course by a series of mixed reactors. The series reactors were initially adopted to study the DS of the reclaimed water and can be used as a feasible method for a similar investigation. This method was easy to model, control, and sample the biofilm formed in the DS. The series reactors were assembled in the Qingyuan Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Company of Xi'an, where the finished water was drawn directly. A mean of 85.0% NH 4 þ -N removal was obtained during a continuous operation of 239 days, when the influent concentration of NH 4 þ -N was 5.21 mg/L on average. The measurement of inorganic nitrogen and nitrification rate along the flow course indicated high activities of the nitrifiers that mainly existed at the initial segment of DS, whereas the pH value and dissolved oxygen concentration decreased. The analysis of the fluorescence in situ hybridization exhibited that the population of the nitrifiers was the highest (an average of 14.33-41.75%) of all bacteria in the biofilm. The dominating species of AOB were Nitrosospira, which presented an increasing trend along the DS course. The dominant shift of NOB, from Nitrobacter to Nitrospira, along the DS may be attributed to the variance of the nutrient condition. This shift confirmed the K/r hypothesis.

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Occurrence of nitrifying bacteria and nitrification in Finnish drinking water distribution systems

Cited by 94 publications

References 25 publications

Culture-Independent Techniques for Rapid Detection of Bacteria Associated with Loss of Chloramine Residual in a Drinking Water System

Culture-Independent Techniques for Rapid Detection of Bacteria Associated with Loss of Chloramine Residual in a Drinking Water System

Detection of Ammonia-oxidizing Bacteria (AOB) in the Biofilm and Suspended Growth Biomass of Fully- and Partially-packed Biological Aerated Filters

Nitrification in a Model Distribution System Fed with Reclaimed Water from a Wastewater Treatment Plant

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