Occurrence of Nine Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Senecio vulgaris L. Depending on Developmental Stage and Season

Flade, Jens; Beschow, Heidrun; Wensch-Dorendorf, Monika; Plescher, Andreas; Wätjen, Wim

doi:10.3390/plants8030054

Cited by 27 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 62 publications

(103 reference statements)

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“…Recently, the PA/PANO sum contents in Senecio vulgaris L. were determined and shown to range from 0.16% to 0.49% related to dry matter, depending on the developmental stage and season [24]. Compared to the highest content of PA/PANO analytes detected in oregano in our current study (24.6 mg/kg), that indeed mainly originated from Ht-type compounds, this would correspond to a proportion of 1.54% to 0.50% of pure PA/PANO plants in this oregano sample.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence and Risk Assessment of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Spices and Culinary Herbs from Various Geographical Origins

Kaltner

Rychlik

Gareis

et al. 2020

Toxins

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Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) and their N-oxides (PANO) are a group of toxic secondary plant metabolites occurring predominantly as contaminants in (herbal) teas, honeys and food supplements, as well as in spices and culinary herbs. Depending on the botanical origin of the contaminating plant, the pattern of PA/PANO can strongly vary within a sample. The current study aimed to broaden the existing data on the occurrence of PA/PANO in spices and culinary herbs. For this, 305 authentic samples covering 15 different matrices mainly harvested in 2016 or 2017 and originating from 36 countries were investigated for the presence of 44 PA/PANO. Fifty-eight percent of the samples contained at least one PA/PANO. The average sum content over all samples was 323 µg/kg (median of 0.9 µg/kg, 95% percentile of 665 µg/kg). The highest amount of 24.6 mg/kg was detected in an oregano sample. Additionally, conspicuous analyte patterns were discovered in samples from similar cultivation regions, indicating related botanical sources of PA/PANO contaminations. Particularly, oregano and cumin from Turkey often contained high amounts of PA/PANO. The results were used to assess the acute and chronic health risks related to PA/PANO intake via spices and culinary herbs, indicating a potential health risk in particular for adults and children with high consumption or when considering worst-case contamination scenarios of a sum content of 5500 µg/kg.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence and Risk Assessment of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Spices and Culinary Herbs from Various Geographical Origins

Kaltner

Rychlik

Gareis

et al. 2020

Toxins

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“…Regarding further uncertainties and influences, plant-specific and seasonal fluctuations in the PA/PANO levels must also be taken into account. A recent study of Flade et al showed clear differences in the PA and PANO contents depending on the season and stage of the development of the plant (S. vulgaris) [58]. S. aquaticus as well as S. inaequidens also showed high seasonal fluctuations in PA/PANO occurrences [59,60].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Spread of Jacobaea vulgaris and Occurrence of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Regionally Produced Honeys from Northern Germany: Inter- and Intra-Site Variations and Risk Assessment for Special Consumer Groups

Gottschalk

Kaltner

Zimmermann

et al. 2020

Toxins

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Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) and PA N-oxides (PANO) are secondary plant metabolites exhibiting genotoxic and carcinogenic properties. Apart from the roots and leaves, PA/PANO are particularly present in pollen and nectar. Therefore, the spread of Jacobaea vulgaris in certain regions of northern Germany has an impact on the safety of honey produced in that region. In this study, raw honey samples (n = 437) were collected from usually three individual beehives per site (n = 73) in the district of Ostholstein and analyzed for 25 PA/PANO. The results reveal mean levels of 8.4, 1.5, and 72.6 µg/kg and maximum levels of 111, 59.4, and 3313 µg/kg, depending on the season (summer 2015 and spring/summer 2016, respectively). As far as individual data are concerned, sites near areas with J. vulgaris growth did not necessarily result in high PA/PANO values. Furthermore, intra-site investigations revealed remarkable differences in PA/PANO levels of raw honey collected by different bee colonies at the same site. Consumption of these regionally produced honeys entails an increased exposure to PA/PANO, especially in children and high consumers. Margin of exposure values of <10,000 and an exceedance of the health-based guidance value highlight that regionally produced and marketed honey must be considered with care for a proper risk assessment and risk management.

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“…Indeed, terpenoid biosynthesis is known to be under strong genetic control [82,83], although some degrees of phenotypic plasticity can be observed in terpene production as a response to abiotic factors [84] and, in our case, to soil fertilization. Abiotic factor-induced changes in the concentrations of individual secondary metabolites of the same compound class were found for pyrrolizidine alkaloids in Senecio (Asteraceae) [85], for phenylpropanoid compounds in tobacco [86] and for phenolics in Trifolium pratense [87].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Effects of Soil Fertilization on Terpenoids and Other Carbon-Based Secondary Metabolites in Rosmarinus officinalis Plants: A Comparative Study

Bustamante

Michelozzi

Caracciolo

et al. 2020

Plants

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Rosmarinus officinalis is an evergreen aromatic plant with important commercial interest as it contains numerous essential oils (composed of terpenoid compounds) and phenolic constituents (natural antioxidant compounds). This work aims at evaluating the concomitant effects of different inorganic and organic fertilization treatments and the subsequent increases in soil nutrient availability on terpenoids and other carbon-based secondary metabolites, e.g., flavonoids and phenolic compounds, in Rosmarinus officinalis leaves. The results showed that, as expected, the structural carbohydrate content (lignocellulosic compounds) in stems was higher in fertilized plants than in controls. Additionally, positive correlations were observed of the absolute amounts of total terpenoids and some single terpenoid compounds with N or P contents in leaves. On the contrary, the phenolic and flavonoid concentrations in all the rosemary plant parts were lower with the fertilization treatments. Indeed, negative correlations between the phenolic compounds (and flavonoids) and N in rosemary leaves were also found. Overall, the results suggest that the terpenoid production’s response to fertilization was due to N, which is essential for protein synthesis and terpene synthase activity, and to P, which is necessary for the synthesis of both terpenoid precursors and ATP and NADPH, also needed for terpenoid synthesis. On the other hand, the basis for the fertilization’s effects on the production of phenolic compounds is the direct nitrogen trade-off between growth and the shikimic acid pathway by which phenolics compounds are synthesized.

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Occurrence of Nine Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Senecio vulgaris L. Depending on Developmental Stage and Season

Cited by 27 publications

References 62 publications

Occurrence and Risk Assessment of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Spices and Culinary Herbs from Various Geographical Origins

Occurrence and Risk Assessment of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Spices and Culinary Herbs from Various Geographical Origins

Spread of Jacobaea vulgaris and Occurrence of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Regionally Produced Honeys from Northern Germany: Inter- and Intra-Site Variations and Risk Assessment for Special Consumer Groups

Effects of Soil Fertilization on Terpenoids and Other Carbon-Based Secondary Metabolites in Rosmarinus officinalis Plants: A Comparative Study

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