Occurrence of mycotoxins in food, feed, and milk in two counties from different agro-ecological zones and with historical outbreak of aflatoxins and fumonisins poisonings in Kenya

Kang’ethe, Erastus K.; Sirma, A.J.; Murithi, Gatwiri; Mburugu-Mosoti, C.K.; Ouko, Elizabeth O; Korhonen, Hannu J. T.; Nduhiu, G; Mung’atu, Joseph; Joutsjoki, Vesa; Lindfors, E.; Rämö, Sari

doi:10.1093/fqsafe/fyx018

Cited by 27 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Exposure to AFM 1 is likely a long-standing problem, and during past 10 years, no improvement has been observed in the contamination prevalence, with almost all milk being contaminated with AFM 1 [ 10 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Severe aflatoxin poisoning, called acute aflatoxicosis, caused by consumption of large amounts of aflatoxins, has occurred several times in Kenya resulting in hundreds of fatalities [ 6 , 10 , 11 ]. These cases have increased awareness of the prevalence of aflatoxin in the feed and food chains leading to policy change, public concern, research efforts, and mitigation interventions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

A Risk Assessment of Aflatoxin M1 Exposure in Low and Mid-Income Dairy Consumers in Kenya

Ahlberg

Grace

Kiarie

et al. 2018

Toxins

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Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), a human carcinogen, is found in milk products and may have potentially severe health impacts on milk consumers. We assessed the risk of cancer and stunting as a result of AFM1 consumption in Nairobi, Kenya, using worst case assumptions of toxicity and data from previous studies. Almost all (99.5%) milk was contaminated with AFM1. Cancer risk caused by AFM1 was lower among consumers purchasing from formal markets (0.003 cases per 100,000) than for low-income consumers (0.006 cases per 100,000) purchasing from informal markets. Overall cancer risk (0.004 cases per 100,000) from AFM1 alone was low. Stunting is multifactorial, but assuming only AFM1 consumption was the determinant, consumption of milk contaminated with AFM1 levels found in this study could contribute to 2.1% of children below three years in middle-income families, and 2.4% in low-income families, being stunted. Overall, 2.7% of children could hypothetically be stunted due to AFM1 exposure from milk. Based on our results AFM1 levels found in milk could contribute to an average of −0.340 height for age z-score reduction in growth. The exposure to AFM1 from milk is 46 ng/day on average, but children bear higher exposure of 3.5 ng/kg bodyweight (bw)/day compared to adults, at 0.8 ng/kg bw/day. Our paper shows that concern over aflatoxins in milk in Nairobi is disproportionate if only risk of cancer is considered, but that the effect on stunting children might be much more significant from a public health perspective; however, there is still insufficient data on the health effects of AFM1.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Risk Assessment of Aflatoxin M1 Exposure in Low and Mid-Income Dairy Consumers in Kenya

Ahlberg

Grace

Kiarie

et al. 2018

Toxins

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“…The overall average mean was 3.84 μg/kg aflatoxins (range of 0.55 ug/kg to 7.13 ug/kg). Fumonisin B1 was detected in 81.8% of 22 feed samples analyzed [24]. The relatively low aflatoxin contamination levels in these studies compared to our results can be explained, in part, by different interventions to mitigate mycotoxins in maize fields.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 49%

“…Additionally, it poses a risk to humans that consume affected grain and animal source foods (ASF, i.e., meat, milk, and eggs) produced from animals fed mycotoxin-contaminated feed. Studies conducted in Eastern Africa revealed a high number of feed samples contaminated with aflatoxins in Kenya [24,25,26], Uganda [27], and Tanzania [28]. Livestock that consume aflatoxin-contaminated feed experience reduced productivity and detrimental health effects.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Aflatoxin and Fumonisin Contamination and Associated Risk Factors in Feed and Feed Ingredients in Rwanda

Nishimwe

Bowers

Ayabagabo

et al. 2019

Toxins

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Mycotoxins are fungal metabolites that contaminate crops, food, and animal feeds. Aflatoxins and fumonisins are among the mycotoxins that have been increasingly reported to affect health and productivity of livestock globally. Given that the health and productivity of livestock can directly influence human food safety and security, a study was conducted to assess the levels and factors for aflatoxin and fumonisin contamination in feed and feed ingredients in Rwanda. Aflatoxins and fumonisins were analyzed in 3328 feed and feed ingredient samples collected at six time points between March and October 2017 in all 30 districts of Rwanda. Of the 612 participants providing samples, there were 10 feed processors, 68 feed vendors, 225 dairy farmers, and 309 poultry farmers. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) was used for aflatoxin and fumonisin analyses. Mean aflatoxin levels of 108.83 µg/kg (Median (MD): 43.65 µg/kg), 103.81µg/kg (MD: 48.4 µg/kg), 88.64 µg/kg (MD: 30.90 µg/kg), and 94.95 µg/kg (MD: 70.45 µg/kg) were determined for dairy farmers, poultry farmers, feed vendors, and feed processors, respectively. Mean fumonisin levels were 1.52 mg/kg (MD: 0.71 mg/kg), 1.21 mg/kg (MD: 0.56 mg/kg), 1.48 mg/kg (MD: 0.76 mg/kg), and 1.03 mg/kg (MD: 0.47 mg/kg) for dairy farmers, poultry farmers, feed vendors, and feed processors, respectively. Aflatoxin contamination was significantly affected by time of sampling and district from which feed samples originated (p < 0.05). Fumonisins did not show any correlation trends. Ninety-two percent of survey participants were unaware of aflatoxins and fumonisins and their adverse effects. This study has provided the basic understanding of the extent of feed contamination across the country and has established a baseline for future interventions in Rwanda. Further studies are needed to explore strategies for mitigating mycotoxins in the feed value chain in Rwanda.

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“…Research has shown that some feedstuffs used in formulating animal feeds can become infected by aflatoxin-producing fungi [25]. Researchers worldwide have been analysing dairy feed for aflatoxin contamination and have reported various findings with most feeds exceeding the regulatory limits [26][27][28][29]. This study also showed that 96% of feeds used in feeding dairy cows in periurban Bulawayo that were analysed were contaminated with at least one of the naturally occurring aflatoxins.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 81%

Aflatoxin Occurrence in Dairy Feeds: A Case of Bulawayo, Zimbabwe

Nleya¹,

Ngoma²,

Mwanza³

2020

Aflatoxin B1 Occurrence, Detection and Toxicological Effects

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Aflatoxin contamination in feeds used by Bulawayo peri-urban farmers for dairy cows was assessed. Semi-intensive farming was the most common farming type practised by the farmers where the animal feeds were supplemented with mixed rations, concentrated feed, grass and brewers' spent grains. Mixed ration was the most commonly used feed supplement. Feed analysis by highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC) showed the presence of all four naturally occurring aflatoxins: aflatoxins B 1 , B 2 , G 1 and G 2 . Total aflatoxin concentration in the feeds ranged from 0 to 250.9 μg/kg. Mixed ration had the highest average total aflatoxin concentration of 29.0 μg/kg, which is above the European Union (EU) standard adopted by Zimbabwe. AFB 1 , the most potent aflatoxin was the predominant aflatoxin across all feeds with an average concentration of 9.0 μg/kg and highest concentration of 149.6 μg/kg in a mixed ration sample which is also above the EU 5.0 μg/kg for lactating cows. Farm personnel responses to the questionnaire showed that most of them were not aware of aflatoxins. These findings call for stringent measures to be put in place with regard to aflatoxin testing in feeds for the dairy sector as well as educating the farmers on the importance of aflatoxin monitoring feed ingredients and livestock feeds.

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Occurrence of mycotoxins in food, feed, and milk in two counties from different agro-ecological zones and with historical outbreak of aflatoxins and fumonisins poisonings in Kenya

Cited by 27 publications

References 30 publications

A Risk Assessment of Aflatoxin M1 Exposure in Low and Mid-Income Dairy Consumers in Kenya

A Risk Assessment of Aflatoxin M1 Exposure in Low and Mid-Income Dairy Consumers in Kenya

Assessment of Aflatoxin and Fumonisin Contamination and Associated Risk Factors in Feed and Feed Ingredients in Rwanda

Aflatoxin Occurrence in Dairy Feeds: A Case of Bulawayo, Zimbabwe

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