Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Feed as Analyzed by a Multi-Mycotoxin LC-MS/MS Method

Monbaliu, Sofie; Poucke, Christof Van; Detavernier, Christel; Dumoulin, Frédéric; Velde, M. van de; Schoeters, Elke; Dyck, Stefaan Van; Averkieva, Olga; Peteghem, Carlos Van; Saeger, Sarah De

doi:10.1021/jf903859z

Cited by 320 publications

(257 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Aflatoxins (AF) naturally occur in moldy grains and are a group of metabolites produced by some strains of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. The primary aflatoxins of concern in feedstuffs are aflatoxins B 1 (AFB 1 ), B 2 (AFB 2 ), G 1 (AFG 1 ), and G 2 (AFG 2 ) (Monbaliu et al, 2010). The order of toxicity is AFB 1 > AFG 1 > AFB 2 > AFG 2 .…”

Section: Abstract: Mycotoxin; Influence; Poultry; Hplc-ms/msmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of feeding corn naturally contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2 on performance and aflatoxin residues in broilers

Yang¹,

Bai²,

Zhang³

et al. 2012

CZECH J ANIM SCI

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AFB 1 is the most abundant aflatoxin in food and animal feed, generally occurring along with low levels of other aflatoxins. In this experiment, broilers were administered corn that was naturally contaminated with AFB 1 and AFB 2 . We found that the broilers were more sensitive during the starter period and had a poor performance during the grower period. In addition, the broilers showed a significant reduction in feed intake when consuming material contaminated with 134.0 and 23.6 µg/kg of AFB 1 and AFB 2 , respectively. Our results also demonstrate that villus height and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth significantly decreased when the broilers were fed daily with diets contaminated with AFB 1 and AFB 2 . Furthermore, AFB 1 residues in livers and breast muscles were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) at levels of 0.137 and 0.016 µg/kg, respectively. The AFM 1 residue was also detected in livers at a level of 0.051 µg/kg but it was not detectable in breast muscles. Keywords: mycotoxin; influence; poultry; HPLC-MS/MSMycotoxins are secondary toxic metabolites of filamentous fungi, which are harmful to human and animal health thus causing significant financial losses to animal industries (Hussein and Brasel, 2001;Wu and Munkvold, 2008;Zhang and Caupert, 2012). Aflatoxins (AF) naturally occur in moldy grains and are a group of metabolites produced by some strains of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. The primary aflatoxins of concern in feedstuffs are aflatoxins B 1 (AFB 1 ), B 2 (AFB 2 ), G 1 (AFG 1 ), and G 2 (AFG 2 ) (Monbaliu et al., 2010). The order of toxicity is AFB 1 > AFG 1 > AFB 2 > AFG 2 .The legal limits of AFB 1 and AFT in total for several agricultural products have been established by the European Union (2−12 μg/kg for AFB 1 , 4-15 μg/kg for aflatoxins total (B1 + G1 + B2 + G2), and 0.05 μg/kg for AFM 1 in milk), but the value of aflatoxins in other animal products was not recommended (European Commission, 2010). AFB 1 is transformed into toxic metabolites primarily in the liver, and the metabolite of AFB 1 -8, 9-expoxide can form covalent bonds with DNA, RNA, and proteins, resulting in a potent carcinogenic effect (Swenson et al., 1977;Nomura et al.,

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Section: Abstract: Mycotoxin; Influence; Poultry; Hplc-ms/msmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of feeding corn naturally contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2 on performance and aflatoxin residues in broilers

Yang¹,

Bai²,

Zhang³

et al. 2012

CZECH J ANIM SCI

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“…Generally, organic solvents were used for extraction in the quantitative procedures of mycotoxin analysis (22). In many studies, the extraction from samples was performed with acetic acid, acetonitrile, methanol, water, and mixture of solvents (1,13,16,17,19,20,22,24,25). We used ethyl acetate preceded by wetting the sample with water, and the recoveries were satisfactory ( Table 3).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous determination of multi – component mycotoxin in feeds by liquid chromatography – tandem mass spectrometry

Pietruszka

Sell

Burek

et al. 2013

Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy

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A multiresidue method for determination and quantification of Fusarium mycotoxins: deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, and metabolite of Aspergillus and Penicillium species -ochratoxin A in feeds was described. The method was based on the simultaneous extraction of selected mycotoxins from matrix, followed by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry using a hybrid triple quadrupole -linear ion trap mass spectrometer with the multiple reaction monitoring in both positive-and negative-ion modes. The method was validated in accordance with the Commision Decision 2002/657/EC requirements. The mean recoveries of mycotoxins from spiked feed samples ranged from 74.6% to 113.9%, whereas limit of detection and quantification ranged from 0.72 to 12.4 µg/kg and 1.86 to 31.7 µg/kg, respectively.

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“…In wheat, the lowest reproducible concentration of STC that could be quantified was 31 µg/kg, with a working range up to 250 µg/kg (Li et al, 1996 Saeger, 2010). A validated official method is based on TLC with AlCl 3 spraying.…”

Section: Immunochemical Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the risk for public and animal health related to the presence of sterigmatocystin in food and feed

2013

EFSA Journal

134

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The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) was asked by the European Commission to deliver a scientific opinion on sterigmatocystin (STC) in food and feed. STC is a polyketide mycotoxin that shares its biosynthetic pathway with aflatoxins. Following an EFSA call for data, analytical results from 247 food and 334 feed samples were submitted. In food, analytical results on STC were reported to be all below the limit of detection or limit of quantification. In feed, only four quantified results were reported. Therefore, the EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM Panel) concluded that the available occurrence data are too limited to carry out a reliable human and animal dietary exposure assessment. Acute oral toxicity of STC is relatively low, and liver and kidneys are the target organs. STC is mutagenic in both bacterial and mammalian cells after metabolic activation and forms DNA adducts. Tumourigenicity has been observed after oral, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous and dermal administration resulting in hepatocellular carcinomas, haemangiosarcomas in the liver, angiosarcomas in brown fat and lung adenomas. Since no exposure data were available, the margin of exposure approach for substances that are genotoxic and carcinogenic could not be applied for STC, and thus the CONTAM Panel could not characterise the risk for human health. Regarding animals, the Panel noted that STC is hepatotoxic in poultry and pigs, and nephrotoxic in poultry and toxic in several fish species. However, in the absence of exposure data for livestock, fish and companion animals, and given the limited knowledge on the adverse effects of STC, the CONTAM Panel could not characterise the risk for animal health. More occurrence data on STC in food and feed need to be collected to allow dietary exposure assessment. For food, methods with a limit of quantification of less than 1.5 µg/kg should be applied. Analytical methods for STC in food and feed based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) reach the lowest limits of detection (LOD). However, the sensitivity varies between individual matrices and whether a single or multi-analyte method is applied. So far, no certified reference materials are available for STC. In addition, no proficiency tests for STC analysis in food or feed could be identified.In the literature, only limited information is available on the occurrence of STC in different foods and feed. Most of the earlier studies using methods with rather high LODs/limits of quantification (LOQ) report a high percentage of left-censored data (often 100 %) on food and feed. Two recent studies using a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method with an LOD of 0.15 µg/kg and an LOQ of 0.3 µg/kg reported STC positive samples of bread and of grain intended for use as animal feed. While these data indicate that these methods are sufficiently sensitive to quantify STC in food and feed, the data were insufficient to use for a reliable exposure assessment.Moreover, STC has been occasionally reported t...

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Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Feed as Analyzed by a Multi-Mycotoxin LC-MS/MS Method

Cited by 320 publications

References 17 publications

Effects of feeding corn naturally contaminated with AFB<sub>1</sub> and AFB<sub>2</sub> on performance and aflatoxin residues in broilers

Effects of feeding corn naturally contaminated with AFB<sub>1</sub> and AFB<sub>2</sub> on performance and aflatoxin residues in broilers

Simultaneous determination of multi – component mycotoxin in feeds by liquid chromatography – tandem mass spectrometry

Scientific Opinion on the risk for public and animal health related to the presence of sterigmatocystin in food and feed

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