Occurrence of linear and cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes in indoor air samples (UK and Italy) and their isotopic characterization

Pieri, Francesca; Katsoyiannis, Athanasios; Martellini, Tania; Hughes, David L.; Jones, Kevin C.; Cincinelli, Alessandra

doi:10.1016/j.envint.2013.06.006

Cited by 92 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…The predominance of D5, and the smaller contributions from D4 and D6, are consistent with other indoor cVMS measurements. 9,12,14,27 The D5 mass concentration was also comparable with previous reported values. For example, the average D5 concentrations in offices in the U.K. and Italy 9 were 54 and 7.5 μg m −3…”

Section: ■ Methodssupporting

confidence: 80%

Siloxanes Are the Most Abundant Volatile Organic Compound Emitted from Engineering Students in a Classroom

Tang

Misztal

Nazaroff

et al. 2015

Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett.

134

140

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Direct human emissions are known to contribute volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to indoor air via various mechanisms. However, few measurements that determine the emissions of a full suite of occupant-associated VOCs are available. We measured occupant-related VOC emissions from engineering students in a classroom using a proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-TOF-MS). The dominant compound emitted was a cyclic volatile methylsiloxane (cVMS), decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5), which is a major inactive ingredient in some personal care products such as antiperspirants. D5 was found to contribute ∼30% of the total indoor VOC mass concentration as measured by the PTR-TOF-MS. Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4) and dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane (D6) were detected at abundances that were 1−2 orders of magnitude lower. The per-person emission rate of these three cVMS declined monotonically from morning into the afternoon, consistent with expectations for emissions from daily morning application of personal care products.

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Section: ■ Methodssupporting

confidence: 80%

Siloxanes Are the Most Abundant Volatile Organic Compound Emitted from Engineering Students in a Classroom

Tang

Misztal

Nazaroff

et al. 2015

Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett.

134

140

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“…The developed analytical protocol was validated regarding the linearity of response of the detector using seven calibration standards (1,10, 50, 100, 200, 250 and 500 mg L -1 ), the limits of detection (LOD) using the signal-to-noise ratio of 3, recovery assays performed with triplicate samples spiked with 250 mg L -1 of the siloxane mix (L2-L5 and D3-D6) and 125 mg L -1 of M4Q as internal standard plus one blank, repeatability also with triplicate samples and interday precision with five replicates analysed in different days, using the same spiking levels. For pine needles and soils, 2.5 g of samples were used and for SIPs, pre-cleaned disks, to follow the final protocol.…”

Section: Validation Protocolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solvent-saving approaches for the extraction of siloxanes from pine needles, soils and passive air samplers

et al. 2016

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In this study, a solvent-saving analytical strategy was validated to quantify the levels of 8 volatile methyl siloxanes (VMSs) in pine needles, soils and air (measured by sorbent-impregnated polyurethane foam passive samplers, SIPs). Different extraction solvents and sample handling procedures were tested and the protocol that reached the highest recoveries employed QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe) and was adapted to pine needles and soils. For SIPs, another method was developed in parallel, as QuEChERS could not be applied to this matrix due to logistic and operative constraints. Thus, extraction was performed using classic Soxhlet extractors and a short clean-up step, limited to the removal of water by a solid-phase extraction (SPE) column containing sodium sulphate. The quantification of the target compounds was performed by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/ MS), with identical set-ups for the three matrices. Similar validation protocols were applied and yielded limits of detection (LODs) from 1.8 to 10.8 ng kg -1 (dry weight) for pine needles, from 3.4 to 19.8 ng kg -1 (dw) for soils and from 4.7 to 10.2 ngSIP -1 (dw) for SIPs. The overall mean recoveries were 75 ± 11%, 69 ± 17% and 87 ± 8%, respectively. The application of the methodologies to naturally contaminated samples collected in an urban and a remote site revealed siloxane levels comparable to other studies in the literature and a predominance of the cyclic siloxanes over the linear ones, which were frequently not detected. IntroductionThe analysis of siloxanes in environmental matrices is quite a challenging task, mainly due to their ubiquitous use since they were first produced in the 1940s. 1 The recent attention given by the scientific community to these chemicals (in particular to organosiloxanes) derives from reports mentioning persistence and possible harmful effects to the environment and ecosystems. 2 Siloxanes are organosilicon compounds consisting of alternating Si-O bonds as a backbone with organic side chains which can be classified as either linear or cyclic according to their structure. 3 These anthropogenic compounds have a wide range of use and are incorporated into a variety of household and industrial applications, such as in cosmetics and other 2 personal care products, textiles, pharmaceuticals, electronics, furniture, food and construction, among others. 4-6A special focus has been given to volatile methyl siloxanes (VMSs), which are organosilicons with low molecular weights and high vapour pressures that can be derived from PDMS hydrolysis. 7,8 Their presence was shown in several environmental matrices such as outdoor and indoor air, 9-11 soil 12,13 aquatic media, 14,15 sediments, 16 wastewater and sludge, 17-19 biota 20,21 or vegetation. 22 Regarding the extraction and quantification of VMSs in these complex matrices, also the analytical approaches reflect an increasing development in the last years. Three recent reviews reported a thorough list of options that include extraction by Soxhlet, ...

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“…16,17 Tedlar bags were used for sample collection and the substances of interest were trapped on Tenax adsorbent tubes, desorbed with pure hexane, and analyzed by GC-MS. Recently, Pieri and colleagues determined the presence of linear and cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes (D3 to D6) in indoor air using TD-GC-MS. 18 To our knowledge, our method is the first describing the use of TD-GC-MS as an analytical technique to quantify native cyclic siloxanes in end-exhaled air.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensitive Method for Quantification of Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4) and Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) in End-Exhaled Air by Thermal Desorption Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry

Biesterbos¹,

Beckmann²,

Anzion³

et al. 2014

Anal. Chem.

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Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4) and decamethylpentasiloxane (D5) are used as ingredients for personal care products (PCPs). Because of the use of these PCPs, consumers are exposed daily to D4 and D5. A sensitive analytical method was developed for analysis of D4 and D5 in end-exhaled air by thermal desorption gas chromatography mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS), to determine the internal dose for consumer exposure assessment. Fifteen consumers provided end-exhaled air samples that were collected using Bio-VOC breath samplers and subsequently transferred to automatic thermal desorption (ATD) tubes. Prior to use, the ATD tubes were conditioned for a minimum of 4 h at 350°C. The TD unit and auto sampler were coupled to a GC-MS using electron ionization. Calibration was performed using 0−10 ng/μL solutions of D4/D5 and 13 C-labeled D4/D5 as internal standards. The ions monitored were m/z 281 for D4, 355 for D5, 285 for 13 C-labeled D4, and 360 for 13 C-labeled D5. The addition of internal standard reduced the coefficient of variation from 30.8% to 9.5% for D4 and from 37.8% to 12.5% for D5. The limit of quantification was 2.1 ng/L end-exhaled air for D4 and 1.4 ng/L end-exhaled air for D5. With this method, cyclic siloxanes (D4 and D5) can be quantified in end-exhaled air at concentrations as low as background levels observed in the general population.

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Occurrence of linear and cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes in indoor air samples (UK and Italy) and their isotopic characterization

Cited by 92 publications

References 30 publications

Siloxanes Are the Most Abundant Volatile Organic Compound Emitted from Engineering Students in a Classroom

Siloxanes Are the Most Abundant Volatile Organic Compound Emitted from Engineering Students in a Classroom

Solvent-saving approaches for the extraction of siloxanes from pine needles, soils and passive air samplers

Sensitive Method for Quantification of Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4) and Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) in End-Exhaled Air by Thermal Desorption Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry

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