Occurrence of Hop Latent Viroid in <i>Cannabis sativa</i> with Symptoms of Cannabis Stunting Disease in California

Bektaş, Ali; Hardwick, Kayla M.; Waterman, K.; Kristof, Jessica

doi:10.1094/pdis-03-19-0459-pdn

Cited by 20 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Fr., a widespread and destructive pathogen of cannabis and hemp (Punja et al 2019;Garfinkel 2020), as well as several species of Fusarium and Penicillium that can cause pre-and postharvest bud rots (Punja 2021a(Punja , 2021b(Punja , 2021c. Infection by Hop latent viroid can also reduce the quality of cannabis inflorescences (Bektas et al 2019;Warren et al 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The bud rot pathogens infecting cannabis (Cannabis sativa L., marijuana) inflorescences: symptomology, species identification, pathogenicity and biological control

Punja

2021

Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology

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Bud rot pathogens cause diseases on Cannabis sativa L. (cannabis, hemp) worldwide through pre-and post-harvest infections of the inflorescence. Seven indoor or outdoor cannabis production sites and three hemp fields were sampled for bud rot and stem canker presence during 2019-2020. Among 178 isolates recovered from diseased tissues, sequences of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of rDNA, the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH) gene and the heat shock 60 (HSP) gene identified the following: Botrytis cinerea (162 isolates), B. pseudocinerea (2), B. porri (1), Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (5), Diaporthe eres (3) and Fusarium graminearum (5). Pathogenicity studies conducted on fresh detached cannabis buds inoculated with spore suspensions or mycelial plugs showed that B. cinerea, S. sclerotiorum and F. graminearum were the most virulent, while B. pseudocinerea, B. porri and D. eres caused significantly less bud rot. Optimal growth of Botrytis species occurred at 15-25°C. In vitro antagonism tests showed that Bacillus spp., Trichoderma asperellum and Gliocladium catenulatum inhibited B. cinerea and S. sclerotiorum colony growth. When applied as a spray 48 h prior to B. cinerea inoculation, all biocontrol agents significantly (P < 0.01) reduced disease development on detached inflorescences. Prolific growth and sporulation of T. asperellum and G. catenulatum were observed on bud tissues. The pathogens B. porri, S. sclerotiorum, D. eres and F. graminearum are described for the first time as cannabis bud rot pathogens. Inoculum from neighbouring fields of diseased garlic, cabbage, blueberry and hay pasture, respectively, likely initiated infection of inflorescences. Several biological control agents show potential for disease reduction through competitive exclusion.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The bud rot pathogens infecting cannabis (Cannabis sativa L., marijuana) inflorescences: symptomology, species identification, pathogenicity and biological control

Punja

2021

Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology

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“…Recently observed fungi that can cause bud rot include species of Diaporthe and Sclerotinia (Table S1). Hop latent viroid can also cause ‘dudding’ of the buds, which are essentially destroyed as a result of infection 22,23 . The bud‐infecting fungal pathogens are the most challenging to manage due to a lack of registered fungicides, a lack of information on the sources of inoculum and when infection occurs, and a small suite of biorationale products for use.…”

Section: Disease Symptomsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is likely that members of the genera Pseudomonas , Xanthomonas and Pectobacterium will be the most commonly occurring bacterial pathogens in addition to those reported already. Viral and viroid pathogens of cannabis and hemp have been identified by molecular analysis that involves RT‐PCR of RNA templates 22,23 . In addition, next‐generation sequencing (NGS) approaches are revealing the presence of previously unreported viruses in hemp 27 .…”

Section: Pathogen Identificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging diseases of Cannabis sativa and sustainable management

Punja

2021

Pest Management Science

114

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Cultivation of cannabis plants (Cannabis sativa L., marijuana) has taken place worldwide for centuries. In Canada, legalization of cannabis in October 2018 for the medicinal and recreational markets has spurned interest in large‐scale growing. This increased production has seen a rise in the incidence and severity of plant pathogens, causing a range of previously unreported diseases. The objective of this review is to highlight the important diseases currently affecting the cannabis and hemp industries in North America and to discuss various mitigation strategies. Progress in molecular diagnostics for pathogen identification and determining inoculum sources and methods of pathogen spread have provided useful insights. Sustainable disease management approaches include establishing clean planting stock, modifying environmental conditions to reduce pathogen development, implementing sanitation measures, and applying fungal and bacterial biological control agents. Fungicides are not currently registered for use and hence there are no published data on their efficacy. The greatest challenge remains in reducing microbial loads (colony‐forming units) on harvested inflorescences (buds). Contaminating microbes may be introduced during the cultivation and postharvest phases, or constitute resident endophytes. Failure to achieve a minimum threshold of microbes deemed to be safe for utilization of cannabis products can arise from conventional and organic cultivation methods, or following applications of beneficial biocontrol agents. The current regulatory process for approval of cannabis products presents a challenge to producers utilizing biological control agents for disease management. © 2021 The Author. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

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“…Using the corn stunt pathosystem to study the mechanisms of vector-borne disease can contribute to our understanding not only of Spiroplasma-related plant diseases but also of phytoplasma and viral plant diseases, as D. maidis can be described as a super-vector due to its efficiency in transmitting MBSP (a phytoplasma pathogen) and MRFV (a viral pathogen) to corn plants. Scientific insights provided by the study of the corn stunt pathosystem may be applicable to other pathosystems (e.g., Bermudagrass stunt disease and Ratoon stunt disease of sugarcane, which cause major challenges in several other plants [ 149 , 150 , 151 ]). Finally, studying the molecular interactions taking place during corn stunt disease infection may provide candidate genes and molecules that can be targeted as part of genetic pest control strategies that can be used for the successful disruption of pathogen transmission by insect vectors to host plants.…”

Section: Conclusion and Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Corn Stunt Disease: An Ideal Insect–Microbial–Plant Pathosystem for Comprehensive Studies of Vector-Borne Plant Diseases of Corn

Jones

Medina

2020

Plants

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Over 700 plant diseases identified as vector-borne negatively impact plant health and food security globally. The pest control of vector-borne diseases in agricultural settings is in urgent need of more effective tools. Ongoing research in genetics, molecular biology, physiology, and vector behavior has begun to unravel new insights into the transmission of phytopathogens by their insect vectors. However, the intricate mechanisms involved in phytopathogen transmission for certain pathosystems warrant further investigation. In this review, we propose the corn stunt pathosystem (Zea mays–Spiroplasma kunkelii–Dalbulus maidis) as an ideal model for dissecting the molecular determinants and mechanisms underpinning the persistent transmission of a mollicute by its specialist insect vector to an economically important monocotyledonous crop. Corn stunt is the most important disease of corn in the Americas and the Caribbean, where it causes the severe stunting of corn plants and can result in up to 100% yield loss. A comprehensive study of the corn stunt disease system will pave the way for the discovery of novel molecular targets for genetic pest control targeting either the insect vector or the phytopathogen.

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Occurrence of Hop Latent Viroid in Cannabis sativa with Symptoms of Cannabis Stunting Disease in California

Cited by 20 publications

References 6 publications

The bud rot pathogens infecting cannabis (Cannabis sativa L., marijuana) inflorescences: symptomology, species identification, pathogenicity and biological control

The bud rot pathogens infecting cannabis (Cannabis sativa L., marijuana) inflorescences: symptomology, species identification, pathogenicity and biological control

Emerging diseases of Cannabis sativa and sustainable management

Corn Stunt Disease: An Ideal Insect–Microbial–Plant Pathosystem for Comprehensive Studies of Vector-Borne Plant Diseases of Corn

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