Occurrence of Grapholita dimorpha in Korean Pear Orchards and Cross-trapping of Its Sibling Species, Grapholita molesta, to a Pheromone Lure

Abstract

The occurrence of plum fruit moth, Grapholita dimorpha, has been recently reported in apple orchards in Korea. It has been suspected that G. dimorpha and its related species, G. molesta, may occur simultaneously in other host plants. This study reports the occurrence of G. dimorpha in pear orchards of different localities in Korea. The identification of G. dimorpha was determined by morphological characters and the DNA marker. The cross-trapping of both species may be possible because the major sex pheromone (SP) compositions for the two species are similar. From the monitoring data, G. dimorpha and G. molesta were caught in SP lure traps of G. dimorpha and both species were also caught in SP lure traps of G. molesta. This cross-trapping of G. molesta to a SP lure of G. dimorpha varied significantly among pear orchards in different geographical localities. Furthermore, the occurrence peaks of the two species were not coincidental in all monitored orchards. These suggest that monitoring data obtained from each SP trap of both species in pear orchards may be mixed with two species, which would result in the over-estimation of population density and peak frequency on both species in pear orchards.

Diversity of tortricid moths in apple orchards: evidence for a cryptic species ofGrapholita(Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) from China

“…However, there are exceptions (e.g. Jung et al, 2012) such as in our field survey, where captures of a distinct non-target species could account for up to two thirds of the total tortricid individuals trapped. In fact, the three pheromone constituents in the G. molesta trap used, (Z)-8-dodecen acetate (Z8-12: Ac), (E)-8-dodecen acetate (E8-12: Ac) and (Z)-8-dodecenol (Z8-12: OH), are also constitutes of the natural pheromone released by G. funebrana females, accounting there for a proportion of 75% of the total blend composed of five compounds (Guerin et al, 1986).…”

Simultaneous identification of Grapholita molesta Busck and Grapholita dimorpha Komai by PCR‐RFLP

“…The SwaI restriction enzyme site from the ND4 gene in G. molesta may represent a silent mutation (Jung & Kim 2013). Although Jung et al (2012) developed a diagnostic method for G. molesta and G. dimorpha, their results were ambiguous because they used non-specific primers. Ahn et al (2013) also developed a multiplex molecular assay for G. molesta and G. dimorpha; however, the assay was ineffective, requiring two electrophoresis steps and two PCR reactions, instead of one electrophoresis, one PCR and one RFLP reaction as used in this study.…”

“…Because of these features, mtDNA is used in taxonomic and phylogenetic studies as a molecular marker; for example, cytochrome oxidase I is used as a DNA barcode. Several specific-species diagnostic assays have been developed for Tortricidae, a family of moths that includes G. molesta and G. dimorpha, using regions of mtDNA (Hada & Sekine 2011;Jung et al 2012;Ahn et al 2013;Jung & Kim 2013). Despite the availability of several molecular diagnostic assays for these two species, the methods may either produce different results, or not simultaneously identify both species due to non-specific primers or different polymerase chain reaction steps.…”

Enhancement of Species-specific Attraction by Addition of a Minor Component of Sex Pheromone Gland of Grapholita dimorpha

“…나방과 마찬가지로 과실 내부를 가해하여 피해를 유발시키는 심식해충이다 (Park and Kim, 1986;Yan et al, 1999;Beljaev and Ponomarenko, 2005;Yoshizawa et al, 2008), 사과에서 복숭아순나방붙이의 발생이 처음 보고된 이후 (Choi et al, 2009), 복숭아순나방붙이의 성페로몬을 이용한 모니터 링 조사가 배 (Jung et al, 2012)와 자두 (Jeong et al, 2012)에서 진행되었다. 페로몬 조성에 있어 복숭아순나방은 cis-8-dodecenyl acetate (Z8-12:Ac)와 trans-8-dodecenyl acetate (E8-12:Ac) 및 cis-8-dodecenol (Z8-12:OH)을 가지며 95:5:1의 조성을 가지고 있는 반면 (Han et al, 2001;Yang et al, 2002), 복숭아순나방붙 이의 페로몬은 복숭아순나방와 동일한 주성분인 Z8-12:Ac와 E8-12:Ac로 구성되며 85:15의 조성 비율을 가진다 (Murakami et al, 2005;Jung et al, 2013).…”

“…페로몬 조성에 있어 복숭아순나방은 cis-8-dodecenyl acetate (Z8-12:Ac)와 trans-8-dodecenyl acetate (E8-12:Ac) 및 cis-8-dodecenol (Z8-12:OH)을 가지며 95:5:1의 조성을 가지고 있는 반면 (Han et al, 2001;Yang et al, 2002), 복숭아순나방붙 이의 페로몬은 복숭아순나방와 동일한 주성분인 Z8-12:Ac와 E8-12:Ac로 구성되며 85:15의 조성 비율을 가진다 (Murakami et al, 2005;Jung et al, 2013). 그런데, 두 종의 공통된 성페로 몬 주성분들이 각 종의 성유인제로 사용되고 있기 때문에 야외 에서 각각의 종 트랩에 두 종이 동시에 유인될 수 있음이 가정 되어 왔고 실제 이 현상이 국내 배과원에서 발생하였음을 보고 하였다 (Jung et al, 2012). 이런 문제점을 줄이고자, Jung et al 2013 (Fig.…”