Occurrence of Estrogenic Nonylphenols in the Urban and Coastal Atmosphere of the Lower Hudson River Estuary

Abstract

Nonylphenol polyethoxylates (NPEOs) have been widely used as surfactants in many industrial and household applications. However, NPEOs biodegradation in water leads to the formation of estrogenic nonylphenols (NPs). To date, NPs have only been reported in aquatic environments. In this paper, the occurrence of NPs in coastal and urban atmospheres is reported for the first time. Water-to-air volatilization of NPs from estuarine waters is a source of NPs to the estuarine atmosphere. Furthermore, the high concentrations found in the coastal atmosphere of the New York−New Jersey Bight (2.2−70 ng m-3) suggests that the NPs occurrence in the atmosphere may be an important human and ecosystem health issue in urban, industrial, and coastal-impacted areas receiving treated sewage effluents.

Distribution and accumulation of endocrine-disrupting chemicals and pharmaceuticals in wastewater irrigated soils in Hebei, China

“…Among the nine detected compounds, 4-nonylphenol and salicylic acid were detected in all six plots with wastewater irrigation or with groundwater irrigation. 4-Nonylphenol has been reported ubiquitously in various environmental media including air, water and sediment (Dachs et al, 1999;Isobe et al, 2001;Van Ry et al, 2000;Ying et al, 2002). Thus, in addition to application of irrigation water, atmospheric deposition might also contribute to the presence of 4-nonylphenol in the soils (Dachs et al, 1999;Van Ry et al, 2000).…”

“…4-Nonylphenol has been reported ubiquitously in various environmental media including air, water and sediment (Dachs et al, 1999;Isobe et al, 2001;Van Ry et al, 2000;Ying et al, 2002). Thus, in addition to application of irrigation water, atmospheric deposition might also contribute to the presence of 4-nonylphenol in the soils (Dachs et al, 1999;Van Ry et al, 2000). For salicylic acid, it was one of the most frequently detected acidic pharmaceuticals in surface waters and sewage effluents (Kasprzyk-Hordern et al, 2008;Matamoros and Bayona, 2006;Peng et al, 2008;Ternes, 1998;Zhao et al, 2010), which could be attributed to the extensive use in human and animals to reduce inflammation.…”

Extraction Techniques for Isolation, Purification and Preconcentration of Bisphenols and Alkylphenols from Environmental and Food Samples

“…Concentrations of NP and OP ranged from less than the method detection limit to 37 and 0.7 μg/L, whereas the concentration of NPE was meaningfully higher and ranged from less than the MDL to 332 μg/L [15]. Nonylphenol was also measured in the air in amounts of 2.2-70 ng/m 3 [16]. The presence of alkylphenols and ethoxylated alkylphenols was describe in tissues and body fluids of living organisms, for example human breast milk revealed NP, octylphenol, mono-and diethoxylated octylphenol at a concentration level of 13.4-56.3 ng/ml, > 21 ng/ml, 0.05-0.1 ng/ml and 0.11-0.27 ng/ml, respectively [17].…”

Occurrence and air/sea-exchange of novel organic pollutants in the marine environment

“…Alkylphenols are typically not directly released but are rather formed as anaerobic biological breakdown products of widely used non-ionic surfactants, alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEOs) [10]. Concentrations of APs and their parent compounds have been measured worldwide in all compartments of the environment and even in food products for human consumption [11][12][13][14]. Time: 10:42am jp4139016.tex…”