Occurrence of cyclopiazonic acid in feeds and feedstuffs in Tamil Nadu, India

Abstract

Out of 100 samples (67 randomly collected and 33 known to contain aflatoxin) of feeds and feedstuffs examined, 40 showed cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) activity, i.e., maize 10/26, groundnut cake 10/20, sunflower seed cake 7/10, sorghum 4/10, wheat 1/1, little millet 1/1, rice 1/1, deoiled rice bran 0.1, fishmeal 0/1, chick mash 1/3, grower mash 0/7, layer mash 3/11, broiler mash 2/6 and cattle feed 0/2, concentrations ranged from 0.4 to 12, 0.5 to 20, 0.3 to 20, 0.3 to 20, 20, 10, 10, 1.5, 1 to 15, 8 and 15 ppm, respectively. Co-occurrence of CPA was found in 14 of 33 aflatoxin-containing samples.

Mouldy Groundnut Cake and Hydrated Sodium Calcium Aluminosilicate in Practical Diet for African Catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822)

“…Although aflatoxins B 1 and B 2 were not detected in diet 1; which may be due to insufficient availability of conditions necessary for their production in this study [12,13]. The co-occurrence of A. flavus, A. niger and Penicillium in the contaminated diet could probably encourage the production of ochratoxins and cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), which have been reported to be commonly found with aflatoxins [13][14][15]. Also possibilities exist for the production of citrinin, secalonic and oxalic acid by P. citrinin and P. oxalicum [16,17].…”

An industry perspective on the use of “atoxigenic” strains ofAspergillus flavusas biological control agents and the significance of cyclopiazonic acid

“…CPA was detected in two samples (4.2% of the samples tested) of grade A milk at levels of 6.4 and 9.7 μg/L. CPA has been reported in other human foods and animal feeds, including peanuts, cheese, wheat, millet, rice, sunflower, sorghum, and tomato pulp and puree (Lansden and Davidson 1983; Urano et al, 1992; Balachandran and Parthasarathy, 1996b; Da Motta and Soares, 2001). …”

“…All of these samples were co-contaminated with aflatoxin, while 16 samples (36%) contained only aflatoxin, and 6 samples (13%) were not measurably contaminated with either CPA or aflatoxin. Balachandran and Parthasarathy (1996b) examined multiple feed items collected in Tamil Nadu, India, including 20 randomly collected lots of maize and six lots known to be contaminated with aflatoxin. Nine of the 20 randomly sampled lots and one of the six aflatoxin-contaminated lots contained measurable amounts of CPA, with estimated levels ranging from 0.4 to 12 μg/g.…”

“…There are few available studies and no routine surveys for the presence of CPA in grains or other commodities, in part because of the lack of regulatory requirements for testing, the relative difficulty of the analytical methods used in its detection (Moldes-Anaya et al, 2009; Diaz et al, 2010), and probably also in part because many researchers have concluded, despite the dearth of data, that CPA is a relatively “benign” toxin, that it is not likely to be present in sufficient concentrations in food or feed to pose a significant problem or that efforts to reduce aflatoxin contamination will indirectly result in reductions in CPA contamination (Byrem et al, 1999; Burdock and Flamm, 2000; Chang et al, 2009a). Other researchers have expressed concern that the potential for harm to humans or animals from exposure to CPA has not been adequately evaluated or addressed (Stoltz et al, 1988; Dorner et al, 1994; Kubena et al., 1994; Balachandran and Parthasarathy, 1996b; Prasongsidh et al, 1997; Kumar and Balachandran, 2009) and several studies have demonstrated the presence of CPA in food and feed items sampled from various locations around the world, sometimes at levels in the range of 2.8 to 12 μg/g (Stolz et al, 1988; Widiastuti et al, 1988; Urano et al, 1992; Balachandran and Parthasarathy, 1996b). This risk becomes more serious when CPA-producing “atoxigenic” strains are intentionally applied to a major food and feed crop such as maize, under conditions that favor colonization of the plant by the introduced strain.…”

Food adulteration and contamination in India: occurrence, implication and safety measures

“…The pearl millet and rye grains are infected during grain development and after harvest, by ergot disease fungi (Claviceps fusiformis, C. purpurea) which liberate ergotoxins (containing peptide alkaloids, lysergic acid and lysergic acid amides) [37]. Recently, Sarathchandra and Muralimanohar [33] reported high occurrence of citrinin followed by ochratoxin-A and aflatoxin-B1 in animal feeds and feedstuffs. Further, Salmonella typhimurium DT-104 strain resistant to several antibiotics is widely distributed in cattle herds.…”