Occurrence of Cyanobacterial Harmful Algal Blooms Workgroup Report

Fristachi, Anthony; Sinclair, James L.; Hall, Sherwood; Berkman, Julie A. Hambrook; Boyer, Greg; Burkholder, JoAnn M.; Burns, John W.; Carmichael, Wayne W.; DuFour, Al; Frazier, William; Morton, Steve L.; O’Brien, Eric; Walker, S.

doi:10.1007/978-0-387-75865-7_3

Cited by 72 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 75 publications

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“…Nodularin synthesis has previously been reported only in the aquatic Nodularia spumigena species and the benthic, mat-forming Nodularia sphaerocarpa strain PCC7804 (Beatti et al, 2000;Saito et al, 2001;Moffitt and Neilan, 2004;Fristachi and Sinclair, 2008). This study reports the synthesis of nodularin and [L-Har 2 ] nodularin synthesis by terrestrial Nostoc spp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

“…Increased aquatic eutrophication has resulted in massive blooms of cyanobacteria both in freshwater and marine environments. The most commonly produced cyanobacterial toxins are the hepatotoxins, microcystin and nodularin (Fristachi and Sinclair, 2008), both capable of inhibiting protein phosphatase 1 and 2A to varying degrees (Mackintosh et al, 1990) and inducing protein hyperphosphorylation, cytoskeletal collapse and massive hepatic bleeding (Kuiper-Goodman et al, 1999). Both toxins are also recognized as potential tumor promoters and carcinogens, and hence it is of importance to identify the production of these toxins in the environment to eliminate even lowlevel exposure to humans (Humpage, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nodularin, a cyanobacterial toxin, is synthesized in planta by symbiotic Nostoc sp.

et al. 2012

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The nitrogen-fixing bacterium, Nostoc, is a commonly occurring cyanobacterium often found in symbiotic associations. We investigated the potential of cycad cyanobacterial endosymbionts to synthesize microcystin/nodularin. Endosymbiont DNA was screened for the aminotransferase domain of the toxin biosynthesis gene clusters. Five endosymbionts carrying the gene were screened for bioactivity. Extracts of two isolates inhibited protein phosphatase 2A and were further analyzed using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS)/MS. Nostoc sp. ‘Macrozamia riedlei 65.1’ and Nostoc sp. ‘Macrozamia serpentina 73.1’ both contained nodularin. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) HESI-MS/MS analysis confirmed the presence of nodularin at 9.55±2.4 ng μg−1 chlorophyll a in Nostoc sp. ‘Macrozamia riedlei 65.1’ and 12.5±8.4 ng μg−1 Chl a in Nostoc sp. ‘Macrozamia serpentina 73.1’ extracts. Further scans indicated the presence of the rare isoform [L-Har2] nodularin, which contains l-homoarginine instead of l-arginine. Nodularin was also present at 1.34±0.74 ng ml−1 (approximately 3 pmol per g plant ww) in the methanol root extracts of M. riedlei MZ65, while the presence of [L-Har2] nodularin in the roots of M. serpentina MZ73 was suggested by HPLC HESI-MS/MS analysis. The ndaA-B and ndaF genomic regions were sequenced to confirm the presence of the hybrid polyketide/non-ribosomal gene cluster. A seven amino-acid insertion into the NdaA-C1 domain of N. spumigena NSOR10 protein was observed in all endosymbiont-derived sequences, suggesting the transfer of the nda cluster from N. spumigena to terrestrial Nostoc species. This study demonstrates the synthesis of nodularin and [L-Har2] nodularin in a non-Nodularia species and the production of cyanobacterial hepatotoxin by a symbiont in planta.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nodularin, a cyanobacterial toxin, is synthesized in planta by symbiotic Nostoc sp.

et al. 2012

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“…Microcystis genus is one of the most common bloom formers in freshwater systems on every continent except Antarctica. This genus can produce a suite of potentially harmful compounds (Fristachi and Sinclair, 2008). The Tab.1 shows that the retention of cells increases with diatomite processing method.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Removal Cyanobacteria by Diatomite Filter from Raw Freshwater and Potential Use in Watering Domestic Animals

Behira¹

2015

AVS

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Abstract:Growing harmful cyanobacteria in freshwater cause several poisoning episodes of livestock, wild and domestic animal. Conventional surface drinking water treatment utilizes coagulation; flocculation, sedimentation, filtration and disinfection are inadequate and require great financial means or application in watering domestic animals. The filtration of raw freshwater by diatomite is very simple without use of chemical products. Samples of locally diatomite were dried ant calcined and tested to verify their efficiency to removal cyanobacteria cells from raw freshwater. The results obtained shows that filtration by calcined diatomite improve high efficiency to removal cyanobacteria and decrease the level of microcystin in the filtrate solutions.

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“…In this work, 10% ~ 70% water-methanol solution + 3%, 5% and 7% acetic acid combinations were designed for optimization. Second, extractions were performed under ultrasonication (300 W) for: 5,10,15,20, 30, 40 and 50 min for optimization of extraction time. Finally, we study the extraction at different pH values, ranging from pH~1, pH~3, pH~5, pH~7, PH~9 and pH~11.…”

Section: Optimization Experiments Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a consequence, the appearance of Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) can produce microsytins, frequently breakout in highly eutrophication lakes. It is considered to be an important water quality problem, implicating that a serious health problem in water supplies, both for livestock and human health [3]- [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of Microcystin Extraction for Their Subsequent Analysis by HPLC-MS/MS Method in Urban Lake Water

Qu¹,

Zhang²,

Jia³

et al. 2013

IJESD

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Abstract-This paper represents to propose an effective extraction procedure for traditional toxin determination techniques in urban lake. Efficiency of each extraction solvent as well as other key parameters affecting extraction efficiency including ultrasonication time and extraction pH were evaluated and optimized. The present study results indicated that 40% acidified methanol (pH~3) with sonication 15~20min has been shown to be a rapid and efficient method for the routine analysis of a wide range of microcystins in water samples. Our study also suggested that analytical method based on HPLC-MS/MS with SPE techniques provides a simplified enrichment procedure and rich information for both quantization and identification effective tool for analysis of urban landscape water quality. The development of this method may facilitate the understanding of the best extraction method for the routine analysis of microcystins in water bodies. Moreover, it may be valuable for purification scale. Index Terms-Microcystin, extraction, HPLC-MS/MS, urban landscape water. I. INTRODUCTIONUrban landscape water in China are very often man-made ecosystem. They are very small and shallow. As an essential part of urban ecosystem, urban lake also play an important role in promoting socio-economic development, by regulating climate and providing a good place for recreational [1]- [2]. With increasing anthropogenic activities and excessive inputs of nitrogen and phosphorus to water environments, urban lake waters quality are extremely deteriorated in recent years. As a consequence, the appearance of Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) can produce microsytins, frequently breakout in highly eutrophication lakes. It is considered to be an important water quality problem, implicating that a serious health problem in water supplies, both for livestock and human health [3]-[5].Microcystin is the most commonly synthesized toxin produced by toxin producing cyanobacteria species of Currently, there is a lack of understanding toxicology and risk assessment of urban lake Cyanobacterial toxins. For deeply study urban lake microcystins during algal blooms, optimization of extraction were conducted by HPLC-MS/MS approaches in our study for determination of microcystins from urban lake samples. II. MATERIALS AND METHODS A. ChemicalsAll the chemicals include HPLC-S grade acetonitrile, HPLC grade methanol and Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) were purchased from Beijing Chemicals Ltd. Ultra-pure water was prepared on a Milli-Q Synthesis system (Millipore, France). microcystin LR, RR standards were bought from Beijing express Company. Sep-pak ODS cartridge (1000g, 12ml) was manufactured by Tianjin Alega Technologies. B. Sample Preparation for Microcystins ExtractionBefore the HPLC analyses, all water samples (1 L) were filtered on GF/C filters. Commercially available SPE fibers were purchased from Alega. Each fiber was eluted by 20ml methanol and pure water 20ml separately before extraction. To carry out the SPE extraction, water samples were extracted under diff...

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Occurrence of Cyanobacterial Harmful Algal Blooms Workgroup Report

Cited by 72 publications

References 75 publications

Nodularin, a cyanobacterial toxin, is synthesized in planta by symbiotic Nostoc sp.

Nodularin, a cyanobacterial toxin, is synthesized in planta by symbiotic Nostoc sp.

Removal Cyanobacteria by Diatomite Filter from Raw Freshwater and Potential Use in Watering Domestic Animals

Optimization of Microcystin Extraction for Their Subsequent Analysis by HPLC-MS/MS Method in Urban Lake Water

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