Occurrence of Conspecific in the Neighboring Space Influence on Flight Initiation Distance in Cape Hare &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Lepus capensis&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; under Human Stimuli

Zaman, Muhammad; Rakha, Bushra Allah; Wrensford, Kwasi; Zhu, Mengyan; Fan, Longcheng; Jiang, Guangshun

doi:10.4236/oje.2020.106024

Cited by 10 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 53 publications

(61 reference statements)

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“…that this may be to avoid the predator vantage points at high elevation, leopard and boar showed similar trends in daytime/nighttime use, though we here offer a new insight into how elevation use may vary within a daily 24-hour cycle. Finally, tolai hare showed a preference to be near open grassland and far from human settlement during the daytime; similar results have also been found for other lagomorph species in the Karakorum range, Pakistan(Zaman, Rakha, et al, 2020).…”

supporting

confidence: 80%

“…Here, wild boar and tolai hare were evidently lunar phobic, while roe deer indicated lunar philic activity. Especially in the case of the wild boar and tolai hare, the results align with the visual acuity hypothesis, as lagomorphs and suids have poor eyesight and avoid the brightness of the moon to reduce predation risk (Pratas-Santiago et al, 2017;Preisser et al, 2005;Tuan, 1979;Zaman, Rakha, et al, 2020). Lunar phobic behavior has also been observed in Neotropical prey species, such as armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) and paca (Cuniculus paca) (Harmsen et al, 2011, Prugh & Golden, 2014, while hare has also been observed to reduce the risk of predation by medium-sized (Griffin et al, 2005).…”

Section: Influence Of Moon Phase On Temporal Activity and Predator-pr...supporting

confidence: 66%

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Temporal activity patterns of North China leopards and their prey in response to moonlight and habitat factors

Zaman

Roberts

Zhu

et al. 2022

Ecology and Evolution

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The nocturnal activities of predators and prey are influenced by several factors, including physiological adaptations, habitat quality and, we suspect, corresponds to changes in brightness of moonlight according to moon phase. In this study, we used a dataset from 102 camera traps to explore which factors are related to the activity pattern of North China leopards ( Panthera pardus japonensis ) in Shanxi Tieqiaoshan Provincial Nature Reserve (TPNR), China. We found that nocturnal activities of leopards were irregular during four different lunar phases, and while not strictly lunar philic or lunar phobic, their temporal activity was highest during the brighter moon phases (especially the last quarter) and lower during the new moon phase. On the contrary, roe deer ( Capreolus pygargus ) exhibited lunar philic activity, while wild boar ( Sus scrofa ) and tolai hare ( Lepus tolai ) were evidently lunar phobic, with high and low temporal activity during the full moon, respectively. In terms of temporal overlap, there was positive overlap between leopards and their prey species, including roe deer and tolai hare, while leopard activity did not dip to the same low level of wild boar during the full moon phase. Human activities also more influenced the temporal activity of leopards and wild boar than other species investigated. Generally, our results suggested that besides moonlight risk index (MRI), cloud cover and season have diverse effects on leopard and prey nocturnal activity. Finally, distinct daytime and nighttime habitats were identified, with leopards, wild boar, and tolai hare all using lower elevations at night and higher elevations during the day, while leopards and roe deer were closer to secondary roads during the day than at night.

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supporting

confidence: 80%

Section: Influence Of Moon Phase On Temporal Activity and Predator-pr...supporting

confidence: 66%

Temporal activity patterns of North China leopards and their prey in response to moonlight and habitat factors

Zaman

Roberts

Zhu

et al. 2022

Ecology and Evolution

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“…While boar have been found to avoid high elevations during nights (Roberts and Bernhard, 1977) and we may have suspected that this may be to avoid the predator vantage points at high elevation, leopard and boar showed similar trends in daytime/nighttime use, though we here offer a new insight into how elevation use may vary within a daily 24-hour cycle. Finally, Tolai hare showed a preference to be near open grassland and far from human settlement during the daytime and similar results have also been found for other lagomorph species in the Karakorum range, Pakistan (Zaman et al, 2020a).…”

Section: Nighttime and Daytime Habitat Usesupporting

confidence: 80%

“…Here, wild boar and Tolai hare were evidently lunar phobic, while roe deer indicated lunar philic activity. Especially in the case of the wild boar and Tolai hare, the results align with the visual acuity hypothesis, as lagomorphs and suids have poor eye sight and avoid the brightness of moon to reduce predation risk (Pratas-Santiago et al, 2017, Preisser et al, 2005, Tuan, 1979, Zaman et al, 2020a. Lunar phobic behavior has also been observed in Neotropical prey species, such as armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus ) and paca (Cuniculus paca ) (Harmsen et al, 2011, Prugh andGolden, 2014), while hare have also been observed to dodge the risk of predation by medium-sized felids by adjusting temporal activity (Griffin et al, 2005).…”

Section: Influence Of Moon Phase On Temporal Activity and Predator-prey Overlapsupporting

confidence: 67%

Temporal activity patterns of North China leopards and their prey in response to moonlight and habitat factors

Zaman

Roberts

Zhu

et al. 2022

Preprint

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The nocturnal activities of predators and prey are influenced by several factors, including physiological adaptations, habitat quality and, we suspect, corresponds to changes in brightness of moonlight according to moon phase. In this study, we used a dataset from 102 camera traps to explore which factors are related with the activity pattern of North China leopards (Panthera pardus japonensis) in Shanxi Tieqiaoshan Provincial Nature Reserve (TPNR), China. We found that nocturnal activities of leopards were irregular during four different lunar phases, and while not strictly lunar philic or lunar phobic, their temporal activity was highest during the brighter moon phases (especially the last quarter) and lower during the new moon phase. On the contrary, roe deer (Capreolus pygargus) exhibited lunar philic activity, while wild boar (Sus scrofa) and Tolai hare (Lepus tolai) were evidently lunar phobic, with high and low temporal activity during the full moon, respectively. In terms of temporal overlap, that there was positive overlap between leopards and their prey species, including roe deer (Capreolus pygargus) and Tolai hare (Lepus tolai), while leopard activity did not dip to the same low level of wild boar during the full moon phase. Generally, our results suggested that besides moonlight risk index (MRI), cloud cover and season have diverse effects on leopard and prey nocturnal activity. Finally, distinct daytime and nighttime habitats were identified, with leopards, wild boar and Tolai hare all using lower elevations at night and higher elevations during the day, while leopards and roe deer were closer to secondary roads during the day than at night.

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“…In Northern Pakistan, especially in the Shigar Valley Karakorum range, wildlife populations such as red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), grey wolf (Canis lupus) experience severe punitive killings due to the availability of sanctioned firearms, closing or smoking out dens [13], and decline caused by fuel wood collection and free range livestock grazing in pasture land [14,15]. Besides this, livestock grazing has a defined negative influence on wild animal activity patterns due to competition for habitat resources [16,17].…”

Section: Journal Of Ethology and Animal Sciencementioning

confidence: 99%

The Long and Winding Road in the Cross-Process among Authors and Editors must not Fall into Pandora's Box: The Role of Reviewers

Zaman¹

2022

JEASc

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Animals may change the temporal dimension of their niche by shifting their activity patterns in relation to anthropogenic disturbances. Yet, few studies have documented these response phenomena in pasture land. We examined the extent to which disturbances related with habitat features altered the timing of foraging and activity patterns of golden marmot (Marmota caudata aurea). Using a scan-sampling observational method, we collected data from 34 pup-rearing marmot burrow sites in the summer pasture area of Shigar Valley, northwest Pakistan. We defined frequency of occurrences index (FOI) of anthropogenic disturbance intensity for each site based on the presence of livestock, herders, distance from livestock corrals or shepherd huts, and density of major tracks, and determined whether marmot time spent aboveground, as well as foraging distance from pup-burrows, was or not between high and low disturbance sites. We found that disturbance intensity influenced the total daily activity time and foraging distance from pup burrows. Our results indicated that marmots adjusted their diurnal patterns of activity and the distances moved from their pup burrows in relation to the timing of anthropogenic activities implying changes to the temporal and spatial dimension of their niche. In areas with high levels of disturbance, marmots were less active during morning periods and more active during midday and compensated by increasing activity when herding activity was less. Foraging activity was less during midday and showed a peak during late evening. Finally, results suggest that grazing intensity of human disturbances may have significant consequences in terms of marmot summer pup-raising periods for energy intake

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Occurrence of Conspecific in the Neighboring Space Influence on Flight Initiation Distance in Cape Hare <i>Lepus capensis</i> under Human Stimuli

Cited by 10 publications

References 53 publications

Temporal activity patterns of North China leopards and their prey in response to moonlight and habitat factors

Temporal activity patterns of North China leopards and their prey in response to moonlight and habitat factors

Temporal activity patterns of North China leopards and their prey in response to moonlight and habitat factors

The Long and Winding Road in the Cross-Process among Authors and Editors must not Fall into Pandora's Box: The Role of Reviewers

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