Occurrence of Chiral Bioactive Compounds in the Aquatic Environment: A Review

Abstract

Abstract:In recent decades, the presence of micropollutants in the environment has been extensively studied due to their high frequency of occurrence, persistence and possible adverse effects to exposed organisms. Concerning chiral micropollutants in the environment, enantiomers are frequently ignored and enantiomeric composition often neglected. However, enantioselective toxicity is well recognized, highlighting the need to include enantioselectivity in environmental risk assessment. Additionally, the information about enantiomeric fraction (EF) is crucial since it gives insights about: (i) environmental fate (i.e., occurrence, distribution, removal processes and (bio)degradation); (ii) illicit discharges; (iii) consumption pattern (e.g., illicit drugs, pharmaceuticals used as recreational drugs, illicit use of pesticides); and (iv) enantioselective toxicological effects. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review about the enantioselective occurrence of chiral bioactive compounds in aquatic environmental matrices. These include pharmaceuticals, illicit drugs, pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic musks (PCMs). Most frequently analytical methods used for separation of enantiomers were liquid chromatography and gas chromatography methodologies using both indirect (enantiomerically pure derivatizing reagents) and direct methods (chiral stationary phases). The occurrence of these chiral micropollutants in the environment is reviewed and future challenges are outlined.

Chiral Drug Analysis in Forensic Chemistry: An Overview

“…The separation of enantiomers is currently carried out using liquid chromatography (LC), gas chromatography (GC), capillary electrophoresis (CE) and supercritical fluids chromatography [ 15 , 20 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 ]. Chromatographic methods for resolution of enantiomers include indirect and direct methods.…”

“…The direct method can be achieved by chiral stationary phases (CSPs), mostly applied in LC, or using chiral mobile phase additives. Both GC and LC methods are available in indirect and direct [ 35 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 ]. However, for GC only few chiral columns are available.…”

Chiral Stationary Phases for Liquid Chromatography: Recent Developments

“…LC using chiral stationary phases (CSPs) proved to be an essential tool with a wide range of applications, including preparative separation of enantiomers of diverse analytes [ 16 , 17 ], determination of enantiomeric composition [ 18 , 19 ], monitorization of asymmetric reactions [ 20 , 21 ], analysis of the stereochemistry of natural compounds [ 22 , 23 ], pharmacokinetic [ 24 , 25 ], forensic [ 26 , 27 , 28 ], environmental [ 29 , 30 , 31 ], and enantioselective studies [ 32 , 33 ], among others.…”

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“…For fuzzy set theory it is difficult to determine in advance membership function values before making any decision in an uncertain and vague environment [8]. Interval theory has the same deficiency [23].…”

“…In recent decades, projects in the construction sector have become more complex and risky due to the diverse nature of activities among global companies [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. In comparison to other sectors, construction projects encounter more risks due to uncertainties occurring because of various construction practices, working conditions, mixed cultures and political conditions between host and home countries [9][10][11][12].…”