Occurrence of beta-hexachlorocyclohexane in breast cancer patients

Mussalo‐Rauhamaa, Helena; Häsänen, Erkki; Pyysalo, Heikki; Antervo, Kaija; Kauppila, Riitta; Pantzar, P

doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19901115)66:10<2124::aid-cncr2820661014>3.0.co;2-a

Cited by 134 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Our finding of higher PCB levels among control women is consistent with recent studies (9,10,16,35,38,42) that have failed to find the significant association between PCBs and breast cancer that was described in earlier research (19,36,43). Increasing evidence suggests that PCBs may actually exert congener-specific effects that vary from estrogenic to anti-estrogenic (44)(45)(46), and future research should consider the effects of PCB congeners individually.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Breast cancer among Alaska Native women potentially exposed to environmental organochlorine chemicals

Rubin

Lanier

Kieszak

et al. 2006

International Journal of Circumpolar Health

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Objectives. To determine if an increased rate of breast cancer in Alaska Native women is related to their consumption of a subsistence diet that may contain p,p'-dichlorodiphenylethylene (DDE) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Study Design. A retrospective case control design. Methods. We analyzed banked serum collected between 1981 and 1987 from 126 Alaska Native women, including 63 case women who subsequently developed breast cancer and 63 age-matched control women who remained cancer-free. Serum was analyzed for DDT, DDE, 13 other chlorinated pesticides, and 28 PCB congeners. Results. The geometric mean for p,p'-DDE levels among case women was 8.67 ppb (95% Confidence Interval 7.48, 10.04); among control women, the geometric mean was 7.36 ppb (6.53, 8.30). The geometric mean for total PCB levels among case women was 4.55 ppb (3.61, 5.74) and for control women, the geometric mean was 6.10 ppb (4.73, 7.86). Cancer status and total PCB levels varied across ethnicity (i.e., Eskimo, Aleut, and Indian) but DDE levels were uniform among these ethnic groups. Using conditional logistic regression analysis to adjust for potential confounders (e.g., ethnicity, family history of breast cancer, parity), we found an odds ratio of 1.43 (0.46, 4.47) for the highest tertile of DDE exposure and 0.42 (0.07, 2.38) for the highest tertile of total PCB exposure. Conclusions. Although the results are limited by small sample size and restricted risk factor information, our findings of higher DDE levels, but lower PCB levels among women with breast cancer are consistent with previous research. Our results confirm exposure to organochlorines among Alaska Native women but do not identify these exposures as a significant risk factor for breast cancer.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Breast cancer among Alaska Native women potentially exposed to environmental organochlorine chemicals

Rubin

Lanier

Kieszak

et al. 2006

International Journal of Circumpolar Health

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“…Similar relative risks for breast cancer were found among the Finnish women with elevated levels of P-hexachlorocyclohexane, a lindane-related residue, although no association was found with other organochlorines including DDE (15). The relative risks in these four studies are in the same range as those estimated from the animal data (16,17).…”

supporting

confidence: 67%

Pesticides--how research has succeeded and failed in informing policy: DDT and the link with breast cancer.

Wolff

1995

Environ Health Perspect

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Investigation of chemical exposures as possible etiologic factors for breast cancer has not been a research priority in the United States, which is surprising given the evidence from animal studies that environmental chemicals cause cancer and reproductive dysfunction. Study of environmental chemicals has also been indicated by the failure of traditional epidemiologic methods to account for significant proportions of breast cancer incidence with other risk factors. The fact that breast cancer risk is strongly associated with reproductive hormones is a further clue that environmental chemicals should be investigated. In addition to cancer, specific outcomes that need to be explored are reproductive dysfunction, immunotoxicity and neurotoxicity. Policy guiding our research should encourage toxicologic investigations of exposures to environmental chemicals that use stateof-the-art methods to determine exposure and human health effects. Using the approach suggested by John McLachlan, functional toxicology should be used to assess the activity of chemicals with regard to these outcomes. Just as dioxin toxicity can be expressed as toxic equivalents, estrogenic activity, for example, can be characterized in terms of estrogenic equivalents. In addition to the need to undertake this kind of research, needs for methods development and creative research funding mechanisms are discussed. Prevention of breast cancer may require intervention at an early age. Better understanding of breast cancer etiology, and especially its environmental components, may lead us toward that goal. -Environ Health Perspect 1 03(Suppl 6): 87-91 (1995)

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“…Similar risks for breast cancer were found among Finnish women with elevated levels of P-hexachlorocyclohexane, a lindane-derived residue (5). A recent report from Canada found significantly higher levels of DDE in estrogen receptorpositive breast cancer cases compared with controls (6).…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 53%

Environmental Organochlorine Exposure as a Potential Etiologic Factor in Breast Cancer

Wolff¹,

Toniolo²

1995

Environmental Health Perspectives

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Known risk factors for breast cancer do not account for a significant proportion of the overall incidence. Reproductive factors and endogenous hormones are thought to be responsible for a large component of risk. An environmental contribution has been sought in the past to explain the international trends in breast cancer rates and changes in risk among migrating populations. Recently, environmental research has turned to investigation of exogenous chemical exposures, including environmental contamination, as potential risk factors that may arise from the hormonal activity or from the carcinogenicity of many of these chemicals. Several reports since 1991 suggest that organochlorines may be a risk factor for breast cancer. The data are strongest for DDT. For PCBs, the results to date have been equivocal if not entirely negative. However, different groups of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners are known to provoke biological responses that are structure specific. A wide divergence of estrogenic response, cytochrome P450 activity, and biological half-life exists within these groups of PCB congeners. Therefore, understanding breast-cancer risk from PCB exposure requires attention to congener structures in complex mixtures and to temporal changes in exposure. Investigation of environmental contributions to breast cancer risk offers the potential for understanding more about the etiology of this complex disease and may also provide opportunities for prevention of the most common cancer among women in the United States. -Environ Health Perspect 103(Suppl 7): 141-145 (1995)

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Occurrence of beta-hexachlorocyclohexane in breast cancer patients

Cited by 134 publications

References 15 publications

Breast cancer among Alaska Native women potentially exposed to environmental organochlorine chemicals

Breast cancer among Alaska Native women potentially exposed to environmental organochlorine chemicals

Pesticides--how research has succeeded and failed in informing policy: DDT and the link with breast cancer.

Environmental Organochlorine Exposure as a Potential Etiologic Factor in Breast Cancer

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