Occurrence and use of hallucinogenic mushrooms containing psilocybin alkaloids

Andersson, Christer; Gry, Jørn; Kristinsson, Jakob

doi:10.6027/tn2008-606

Cited by 26 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 372 publications

(301 reference statements)

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“…[60][61][62][63] The major part of the known psychoactive species belongs to the genus Psilocybe. They are saprotrophic on wood, dung, moss, soil, and litter.…”

Section: Psilocybin/psilocin As a Secondary Metabolitementioning

confidence: 99%

“…arcana, and P. semilanceata are probably the only species containing sufficient for intoxication amounts of psilocin/ psilocybin that can grow in natural or near natural habitats in the Middle and North Europe. 60,[64][65][66] Psilocybe cubensis is the most popular natural source of psilocybin in the warmer regions of the Americas. In the United States, it can be found in the wild throughout the southeast to Texas and the Pacific Northwest.…”

Section: Psilocybin/psilocin As a Secondary Metabolitementioning

confidence: 99%

“…For illicit home growers, P. cubensis and its varieties are generally the mushrooms of choice because they are easy to culture and fruit readily in vitro, producing a significant amount of biomass with each flush. 60,67 Alkaloids isolated from hallucinogenic mushrooms within Psilocybe genus such as psilocybin, baeocystin, norbaeocystin are tryptophan derivatives formed through decarboxylation, indole ring hydroxylation at position 4, and N-methylation through the activity of S-adenosylmethionine and O-phosphorylation. Biosynthetic pathway of psilocybin in P. cubensis involves conversion of tryptophan to tryptamine, N-methyltryptamine, N,N-dimethyltryptamine, and psilocin or alternatively conversion of 4-hydroxytryptamine to psilocybin.…”

Section: Psilocybin/psilocin As a Secondary Metabolitementioning

confidence: 99%

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Fungal Hallucinogens Psilocin, Ibotenic Acid, and Muscimol

Stebelska

2013

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring

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Psychoactive drugs of fungal origin, psilocin, ibotenic acid, and muscimol among them have been proposed for recreational use and popularized since the 1960s, XX century. Despite their well-documented neurotoxicity, they reached reputation of being safe and nonaddictive. Scientific efforts to find any medical application for these hallucinogens in psychiatry, psychotherapy, and even for religious rituals support are highly controversial. Even if they show any healing potential, their usage in psychotherapy is in some cases inadequate and may additionally harm seriously suffering patients. Hallucinogens are thought to reduce cognitive functions. However, in case of indolealkylamines, such as psilocin, some recent findings suggest their ability to improve perception and mental skills, what would motivate the consumption of "magic mushrooms." The present article offers an opportunity to find out what are the main symptoms of intoxication with mushrooms containing psilocybin/psilocin, muscimol, and ibotenic acid. The progress in analytical methods for detection of them in fungal material, food, and body fluids is reviewed. Findings on the mechanisms of their biologic activity are summarized. Additionally, therapeutic potential of these fungal psychoactive compounds and health risk associated with their abuse are discussed.

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“…[60][61][62][63] The major part of the known psychoactive species belongs to the genus Psilocybe. They are saprotrophic on wood, dung, moss, soil, and litter.…”

Section: Psilocybin/psilocin As a Secondary Metabolitementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Psilocybin/psilocin As a Secondary Metabolitementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Psilocybin/psilocin As a Secondary Metabolitementioning

confidence: 99%

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Fungal Hallucinogens Psilocin, Ibotenic Acid, and Muscimol

Stebelska

2013

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring

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“…P. Kumm. (Basidiomycota, Agaricales, Strophariaceae) is well-known for its hallucinogenic species, which have aroused the interests of many mycologists (Guzmán 1983, Guzmán et al 1998, Andersson et al 2008. There have been considerable taxonomic and systematic studies on this group over the last six decades (Heim & Wasson 1958, Singer & Smith 1958, Guzmán 1983, 1995, Singer 1986, Stamets 1996, Noordeloos 1999, 2011, Moncalvo et al 2002, Matheny et al 2006, Redhead et al 2007, Ramírez-Cruz et al 2013.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psilocybe chuxiongensis, a new bluing species from subtropical China

Feng

Xiaofei

et al. 2014

Phytotaxa

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A new bluing species of Psilocybe in sect. Caerulescentes is described from subtropical China. It is closely related to P. cubensis but can be differentiated by the lack of an annulus and the buff-yellow to yellowish brown, hemispheric to hemispheric-convex pileus without an umbo or papilla. Phylogenetic analyses of ITS, nrLSU and combined rpb2-tef1-α datasets using maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference also indicate its uniqueness. The relationship with P. cubensis is well-supported by molecular data with high support values in all three datasets. Psilocybe chuxiongensis sp. nov. is presented here with a description, photographs, and line drawings.

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“…As far as it is currently known, this trimethylammonium analog of psilocybin has only been reported to occur in the hallucinogenic species Inocybe aeruginascens Babos. [13,21] Psilocybe semilanceata is the best studied psychoactive mushroom species in the world [1,14,18,19,17,22,23] and is known to contain psilocybin and baeocystin (Table 1). Previous investigations in 1994 have shown that the use pure methanol yielded the authentic indole derivatives from dried mushrooms and the use of aqueous solvents resulted in hydrolysis of psilocybin and baeocystin to give psilocin.…”

Section: Description Of the New Species Psilocybe Germanica Gartz And Wmentioning

confidence: 99%