Occurrence and Toxicological Risk Evaluation of Organochlorine Pesticides from Suburban Soils of Kenya

Abstract

The use of organic chemicals in agriculture and manufacturing has raised concerns about the dangers of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the environment. By examining OCPs occurrence in the suburban soils from Kenya, this study revealed the distribution, concentrations, and the threat posed to the environment and human health. A gas chromatography electron capture detector was used to test the pesticides. The hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) studied in soils of Kapsabet, Voi, and Nyeri towns showed concentrations ranging from 0.03–52.7, 0.06–22.3, and 0.24–24.3 ng/g respectively. The highest concentration of HCHs was in Kapsabet (0.03–48.1 ng/g), whereas the highest DDTs concentration was in Voi (n.d.–15.5 ng/g). Source identification revealed OCPs pollution originated from recent usage of DDT pesticides to control insect-borne diseases and from the use of lindane in agriculture. Correlation test revealed that total organic carbon influenced the presence of pesticides in the soils. The enantiomeric ratios of α-HCH/γ-HCH were <3 indicating the use of lindane while the ratios of DDE/DDT were <1 suggesting recent input of DDT. The cancer risk assessment showed values close to the set risk level of 10−6, suggesting the likelihood of exposure to cancer was not low enough, and control measures need to be established.

Obsolete pesticide residue level analysis and toxicological risk evaluation from Hadya Zone dump site, Ethiopia

“…The exposure to a probable carcinogen compound was classified according to three major pathways: ingestion, skin contact, and inhalation for the three age groups: children, adolescent, and adults. The age groups are classified as Children (0-10 years); adolescents (11-18 years); adults (19-70 years) [22]. Thus, the ILCR of the three exposure pathways within the scope of the study was calculated using the following equations [21,22]: where, ILCRsingestion, ILCRsdermal and ILCRsinhalation are the incremental cancer risks via ingestion, dermal contact and inhalation of carcinogenic compounds from the contaminated soil, respectively.…”

“…The age groups are classified as Children (0-10 years); adolescents (11-18 years); adults (19-70 years) [22]. Thus, the ILCR of the three exposure pathways within the scope of the study was calculated using the following equations [21,22]: where, ILCRsingestion, ILCRsdermal and ILCRsinhalation are the incremental cancer risks via ingestion, dermal contact and inhalation of carcinogenic compounds from the contaminated soil, respectively. Csoil refers to the contaminant concentration in soil (mg/kg).…”

Non-Occupational Exposure to Pesticides: Experimental Approaches and Analytical Techniques (from 2019)

“…Some studies have considered both ingestion and dermal contact and calculated the noncarcinogenic health risk (HI) and the cancer risk (CR) associated with drinking water and bathing exposure. In sediment and soil, human exposure was assessed covering the cancer and noncancer risk, also called total lifetime carcinogenic risk (TCLR) and total noncarcinogenic hazard quotient (THQ) [ 39 , 40 , 41 ]. Thus, the human exposure and health risk were assessed as a sum of the risk for inhalation, ingestion, and dermal exposure.…”

“…Lastly, Bradley et al [ 51 ] selected 224 and 119 target pesticides in water surface and sediment matrices, respectively, covering a wide spectrum of compounds. The remaining studies screened specific groups of compounds, such as neonicotinoid insecticides (NEOs) (e.g., acetamiprid, clothianidin, and imidacloprid) [ 52 , 53 ], OCPs and some specific metabolites [ 39 , 40 , 41 , 54 , 55 ], and OPPs and OCPs, among others [ 56 ].…”

Multiresidue screening of pesticides in Panax Ginseng C. A. Meyer by ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry

“…According to the national policy in China, there are three main sources of pesticide residues in Ginseng. One is the pesticides that have been banned, which can remain biological activities in soil for many years, such as hexachlorocyolohexane, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, and quintozene [12]. The residues of them are the primary focus of monitoring in many countries due to their strong toxicity and have been mentioned in Chinese pharmacopoeia for years.…”