Occurrence and sources of brominated and organophosphorus flame retardants in dust from different indoor environments in Barcelona, Spain

Cristale, Joyce; Hurtado, Alba; Gómez‐Canela, Cristian; Lacorte, Sı́lvia

doi:10.1016/j.envres.2016.05.001

Cited by 117 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…(Brandsma et al 2013; Brommer and Harrad 2015; Cao et al 2014; Carignan et al 2013; Cristale et al 2016; Hoffman et al 2015b; Stapleton et al 2008; Stapleton et al 2009; Stapleton et al 2011)]. Additionally, an accumulating body of research indicates that the vast majority of U.S. adults (>90%) have detectable levels of PFR metabolites in their urine, and similar detection frequencies have been reported in Canadian, European, Asian and Australian populations (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 78%

Predictors of urinary flame retardant concentration among pregnant women

Hoffman

Lorenzo

Butt

et al. 2017

Environment International

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Background Organophosphate compounds are commonly used in residential furniture, electronics, and baby products as flame retardants and are also used in other consumer products as plasticizers. Although the levels of exposure biomarkers are generally higher among children and decrease with age, relatively little is known about the individual characteristics associated with higher levels of exposure. Here, we investigate urinary metabolites of several organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs) in a cohort of pregnant women to evaluate patterns of exposure. Methods Pregnant North Carolina women (n=349) provided information on their individual characteristics (e.g. age and body mass index (BMI)) as a part of the Pregnancy Infection and Nutrition Study (2002–2005). Women also provided second trimester urine samples in which six PFR metabolites were measured using mass spectrometry methods. Results PFR metabolites were detected in every urine sample, with BDCIPP, DHPH, ip-PPP and BCIPHIPP detected in >80% of samples. Geometric mean concentrations were higher than what has been reported previously for similarly-timed cohorts. Women with higher pre-pregnancy BMI tended to have higher levels of urinary metabolites. For example, those classified as obese at the start of pregnancy had ip-PPP levels that were 1.52 times as high as normal weight range women (95% confidence interval: 1.23, 1.89). Women without previous children also tended to have higher urinary levels of DPHP, but lower levels of ip-PPP. In addition, we saw strong evidence of seasonal trends in metabolite concentrations (e.g. higher DPHP, BDCIPP, and BCIPHIPP in summer, and evidence of increasing ip-PPP between 2002 and 2005). Conclusions Our results indicate ubiquitous exposure to PFRs among NC women in the early 2000s. Additionally, our work suggests that individual characteristics are related to exposure and that temporal variation, both seasonal and annual, may exist.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 78%

Predictors of urinary flame retardant concentration among pregnant women

Hoffman

Lorenzo

Butt

et al. 2017

Environment International

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“…High detection frequencies and high concentrations of both BFRs and OPFRs were reported in indoor dust which is an important route of exposure, especially for children, since their more frequent hand-to-mouth contact and close-to-ground behaviour could lead to higher amount of dust ingestion, and their lower body weigh results in a higher daily exposure [8]. This has led to an increased interest in levels and distributions of BFRs and OPFRs in indoor dust [9][10][11][12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and validation of a multi-residue method for the analysis of brominated and organophosphate flame retardants in indoor dust

Wang

Thai

et al. 2017

Talanta

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Flame retardants are associated to numerous adverse health effects, can accumulate in humans and have been used intensively worldwide. Recently, dust has been identified as a major human exposure route for flame retardants. The aim of this study was to develop a multi-residue method using a two-step SPE purification. It enabled us to effectively limit coextracted matrix/interferets and therefore a simultaneous analysis of brominated and organophosphate flame retardants for indoor dust was achieved. The optimized method was validated according to standard protocol and achieved good accuracy and reproducibility (percent error ranged from -29 % to 28 %). Standard Reference Material (SRM) for dust was also analysed, and good agreement was found with reported brominated and organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) concentrations. The applicability of the validated method was demonstrated by the analysis of ten indoor dust samples from ten Australian homes. Overall 89 % of the analytes were detected in these samples. The average concentrations of ∑OPFRs and ∑PBDEs in those samples were 41 and 3.6 μg/g, respectively. Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate and tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate were the most abundant OPFRs, accounting for 57-92 % ∑OPFRs, while decabromodiphenyl ether dominated the Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) congeners contributing between 71-94 % to the ∑PBDEs. Graphical abstract2

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“…Despite this limitation, our results agree with the scarce data available in humans, which have reported a high frequency of detection (70–100%) of TBOEP, TPhP, TCEP, and TBP (40). High amounts of OPFRs have been detected in dust from houses (41), schools (42), and other everyday places (43). According to our results, when comparing cats to humans, the profile of exposure was comparable among both species (Figures 1 and 2).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential Role of Pet Cats As a Sentinel Species for Human Exposure to Flame Retardants

et al. 2017

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Flame retardants are a wide group of chemicals used by the industry to avoid combustion of materials. These substances are commonly found in plastics, electronic equipment, fabrics, and in many other everyday articles. Subsequently, ubiquitous environmental contamination by these common chemical is frequently reported. In the present study, we have evaluated the level of exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), brominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs), and organophosphorous flame retardants (OPFRs) in pet cats through the analysis of their serum. We also analyzed the level exposure to such chemicals in a series of 20 cat owners, trying to disclose the role of pet cats as sentinel species of human exposure to FRs. Our results showed that PCBs, banned 40 years ago, showed the lowest levels of exposure, followed by BDEs—banned recently. Congeners PCB-138 and PCB-180 were detected in ≥50% of the series, while BDE-47 was detected in near 90% of the pet cats. On the other hand, the highest levels were that of OPFRs, whose pattern of detection was similar to that observed in humans, thus suggesting a potential role of cats as a sentinel species for human exposure to these currently used FRs. Six out of 11 OPFRs determined [2-ethylhexyldiphenyl phosphate, tributylphosphate, triisobutylphosphate, triphenylphosphate, tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate, and tris (2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate] were detected in 100% of the samples. It will be interesting to perform future studied aimed to elucidating the potential toxicological effects of these highly detected chemicals both, in cats and humans.

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Occurrence and sources of brominated and organophosphorus flame retardants in dust from different indoor environments in Barcelona, Spain

Cited by 117 publications

References 40 publications

Predictors of urinary flame retardant concentration among pregnant women

Predictors of urinary flame retardant concentration among pregnant women

Development and validation of a multi-residue method for the analysis of brominated and organophosphate flame retardants in indoor dust

Potential Role of Pet Cats As a Sentinel Species for Human Exposure to Flame Retardants

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