Occurrence and sources of antibiotics and their metabolites in river water, WWTPs, and swine wastewater in Jiulongjiang River basin, south China

Abstract

In this study, the occurrence and sources of five cataloged antibiotics and metabolites were studied in Jiulongjiang River basin, south China. Nineteen antibiotics and 13 metabolites were detected in water samples from 16 river sampling sites, wastewater from 5 swine-raising facilities, and effluent from 5 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The results showed that 12 antibiotics and 6 metabolites were detected in river water samples. Sulfonamides (SAs) and their metabolites were detected at high concentrations (8.59-158.94 ng/L). Tetracyclines (TCs) and their metabolites were frequently detected in swine wastewater, and the maximum concentration was up to the level in milligram per liter. Macrolides (MLs) and β-lactams (β-Ls) were found in all WWTP effluent samples and some river samples, while they were never found in any of the swine wastewater samples. SAs and quinolones (QNs) were detected in all samples. Hierarchical cluster analysis of 16 surface water samples was applied to achieve the spatial distribution characteristics of antibiotics in the Jiulongjiang River. As a result, two categories were obviously obtained. Principal component analysis and redundancy analysis showed that TCs and SAs as well as their metabolites were the major antibiotics in Jiulongjiang River, and they mainly originated from swine wastewater, while the QNs, MLs, and β-Ls in the Jiulongjiang River came from WWTP effluent.

Human Activity Determines the Presence of Integron-Associated and Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Southwestern British Columbia

“…China; Yin et al, 2013 ; Mao et al, 2015 ). Other factors such as a rapid degradation (including environmentally relevant conditions; Soeborg et al, 2004 ; Sanderson et al, 2005 ; Zhang et al, 2013 ; Li et al, 2016 ), formation of metabolites (even at a higher concentration than the parent molecule; Halling-Sorensen et al, 2002 ; Kolpin et al, 2002 ; Bonvin et al, 2013 ; Jiang et al, 2013 ), and distribution (into sediments rather than the water column; Li et al, 2012 ; Liang et al, 2013 ; Chen and Zhou, 2014 ; Xu et al, 2014 ) may have resulted in these antibiotics being below the detection limit. On the other hand, it is known that low concentrations of antibiotics or their metabolites have been associated with selectivity for antibiotic resistant bacteria ( Gullberg et al, 2011 ; Sandegren, 2014 ).…”

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in a mesoscale subtropical watershed and their application as sewage markers

“…The two prongs enter a typical subtropical macro-tide estuary (ES) on the southwest coast of Taiwan Strait. Previous studies have reported the contamination of nutrients and antibiotics in the JLR [13,14].…”

Occurrences of Three Classes of Antibiotics in a Natural River Basin: Association with Antibiotic-Resistant Escherichia coli

“…The lowest concentration of OFL (25.1 ng/L) in water samples from the rivers in the present study was higher than that in tributaries of the Seine in France (maximum, 18 ng/L), 35 and the median concentration of OFL (110 ng/L) in water samples from the rivers was comparable to that in the Pearl River (108 ng/L) 36 but higher than that in the Jiulong river basin (46 ng/ L). 37 To our best knowledge, PIPE was detected for the first time at a median concentration of 7.2 ng/L and a frequency of 53.3%. It should be noted that GATI, a fourth-generation quinolone, was detected in all 45 samples from the rivers at a relatively high concentration (1.6−116.4 ng/L; median, 16.5 ng/L).…”