Occurrence and risk factors of bovine cryptosporidiosis in Brazil – Systematic Review

Abstract

Protozoa of the genus Cryptosporidium are parasites capable of causing animal rearing losses due to diarrhea outbreaks. This review aimed to determine the prevalence of and potential risk factors for bovine cryptosporidiosis in Brazil. The search was carried out in the databases Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science, and SciELO. The search strategy used the descriptors “Cryptosporidium,” “cryptosporidiosis,” “cattle,” “calves,” and “Brazil.” Nine studies conducted in different Brazilian states between 2008 and 2019 were selected. The age of the evaluated animals ranged from 0 to >36 months. The main risk factors were the low age of the animals, collective pens, presence of diarrhea, contact with other animals, and dairy breed. The average prevalence rate was 30.51%. The species identified were C. ryanae, C. parvum, and C. bovis. Optical microscopy was used as a diagnostic method for oocysts in fecal samples and to determine the species, and PCR was used in three studies. The average prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in cattle in Brazil was 30.51%, ranging from 10.2 to 62.5%. The main risk factors found were young animals, the presence of animals with diarrhea, contact with other animals, dairy breeds, and collective pens.

Frailty Syndrome and sarcopenia in older adults with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus in the municipality of Sinop, Mato Grosso: an epidemiological study

“…The increase in the number of older adults worldwide is not considered a phenomenon exclusive to developed nations but also applies to countries in the process of development, such as Brazil (1) . In the 1990s, life expectancy in Brazil was estimated to be 66 years, however, it could reach 78 years by 2030 (2) . Estimates indicate that by the year 2050, the growth in the number of older adults will continue at a rate of 3.2% per year, making them 30% of the entire population (2) .…”

“…In the 1990s, life expectancy in Brazil was estimated to be 66 years, however, it could reach 78 years by 2030 (2) . Estimates indicate that by the year 2050, the growth in the number of older adults will continue at a rate of 3.2% per year, making them 30% of the entire population (2) . Recognizing demographic growth as a relevant and current process for society is essential to understand the needs presented by older adults, as the aging process involves changes in human body functions (3) .…”

Síndrome de la Fragilidad y sarcopenia en ancianos con y sin diabetes mellitus tipo 2 del municipio de Sinop, Mato Grosso: un estudio epidemiológico

“…Descriptores: Anciano; Diabetes Mellitus; Fragilidad; Sarcopenia; Atencion Primaria de Salud; Enfermería. pero puede alcanzar 78 años en 2030 (2) . Estimaciones apuntan que hasta el año de 2050, la elevación del número de ancianos seguirá una tasa de 3,2% al año, volviéndose 30% de toda la población (2) .…”

“…pero puede alcanzar 78 años en 2030 (2) . Estimaciones apuntan que hasta el año de 2050, la elevación del número de ancianos seguirá una tasa de 3,2% al año, volviéndose 30% de toda la población (2) . Reconocer el crecimiento demográfico como un proceso relevante y actual para la sociedad es fundamental para comprender las necesidades presentadas por los ancianos, ya que el proceso de envejecimiento envuelve alteraciones en las funciones del organismo humano (3) .…”