Occurrence and Residue Concentration of Coccidiostats in Feed and Food of Animal Origin; Human Exposure Assessment

Abstract

Occurring central Italy, 262 unmedicated feed samples and 353 samples of animal tissues and eggs are tested for coccidiostats between 2012 and 2017. A validated multi-residue HPLC-MS/MS method is applied for the simultaneous determination of the 11 coccidiostats licensed in the EU. The dietary exposure to coccidiostats through poultry meat and eggs is calculated for high consumers, and the contribution to acceptable daily intake of coccidiostats is evaluated. The occurrence of positive feed samples ranges from 17.2% in 2012 to 28.3% in 2017, with an average percentage of positive samples of 25%, while 3.8% of feed samples are non-compliant with a concentration ranging from 0.015 mg/kg for diclazuril to 56 mg/kg for narasin. Positive samples of animal tissues, on average, are 34.7%, fully compliant, while 16% of eggs are positive and violative residues are found in 2%. These noncompliant samples show a concentration varying from 2.4 µg/kg to 1002 µg/kg. The contribution of poultry meat and egg consumption to the acceptable daily intake of each coccidiostat is below 1%, highlighting a low direct risk to public health.

Incidence of ionophore and non-ionophore anticoccidials residues in poultry meat and eggs and their risk characterization

“…Five g of whole eggs or muscle were spiked with 250 μL of mixed solution of 11 internal standards. The extraction, purification and preparation of samples were performed as described by Roila et al ., ( 2019 ). The samples were analysed using a multiresidue LC–MS/MS technique for the determination of 11 coccidiostats in meat and eggs samples.…”

“…Furthermore, the performance of the method was evaluated in interlaboratory excercises obtaining a satisfactory Z-scores value (|z| _ 2.0). The limit of determination (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were fixed at 1 µg/kg for all coccidiostats and selectivity/specificity, linearity, matrix effect, trueness (recovery), precision (repeatability and intra-laboratory reproducibility), decision limit, detection capability, ruggedness (minor changes) and measurement uncertainty were evaluated according to Roila et al, (2019). The substitution method has been applied for the management of left-censored data as referred in the scientific report of EFSA concerning dietary exposure assessment of chemical substances (EFSA, 2010a).Therefore, the non-detect results (< LOD) were replaced by 1/2 LOD according to the Medium Bound (MB) approach.…”

Risk Characterization and Benefit–Risk Assessment of Brominated Flame Retardant in Commercially Exploited Freshwater Fishes and Crayfish of Lake Trasimeno, Italy

“…The left-censored data (results < LOQ) were handled applying the substitution method, as suggested in the literature for studies in the field of food safety [24,25]. The lower bound (LB) and upper bound (UB) approach should be used for ubiquitous chemicals likely to be present in food [24].…”

Solvent Front Position Extraction and some conventional sample preparation techniques for the determination of coccidiostats in poultry feed by LC–MS/MS

“…In recent years there is a clear trend towards reducing the amount of medications added to animal feed for therapeutic and preventive purposes 1 , 2 , except the coccidiostats, which fight against coccidiosis, a serious parasitic disease among birds, especially poultry 3 . Statistics shows, that a percentage of animal feed containing these drugs is constantly high 1 , 4 , which leads to their presence in food 5 . They are registered and mainly used as Feed Additives (FAs) 6 .…”