Occurrence and properties of tyrosinase in the ejected ink of cephalopods

Prota, Giuseppe; Ortonne, Jean Paul; Voulot, C; Khatchadourian, Chaqué; Nardi, G.; Palumbo, Anna

doi:10.1016/0305-0491(81)90149-8

Cited by 42 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…In arthropods, tyrosinase is known to play a key role in cuticular tanning and sclerotization and in det~ense against pathogens (Soderhall et al, 1979; Ashida & Donke, 1980;Andersen & Roepstorff, 1 982; Sugumaran, 1 988; Johansson & Soderhall, l 989; Aspin et a/., 1 995; Hall et al , 1995). However, in cephalopods, the characteristics of tyrosinase, which is the principal enzyme for making the ink, have not been investigated sufnciently (Prota et al, 1981 ; Palumbo et al , 1 985, 1994, 1 997).Abbreviations: IPG, illexin-peptidoglycan; dopa, 3_ ,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine; PAGE, polyacrylamide gel electorophoresis. *TO Whom correspondence should be addressed.…”

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Tyrosinase Activity in Antitumor Compounds of Squid Ink.

Naraoka

Chung

Uchisawa

et al. 2000

FSTR

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Previous studies have demonstrated antitumor activity in squid ink. This study was carried out to clarify the key component of, and the role of tyrosinase in the antitumor activity! The antitumor fraction, which contains illexin-peptidoglycan, soluble melanin and tyrosinase activity, was isolated from the defatted ink using Tris-HCI buffer extraction, DEAE Sephacel and Sephacryl S-300 chromatography During the isolation procedure, the behavior of the tyrosinase activity exhibited the same pattern as the antitumor activity. The antitumor fraction could be separated by Phenyl Sepharose CL-4B chromatography into three fractions: illexin-peptidoglycan, tyrosinase and the complex of the two.The fraction containing illexin-peptidoglycan and tyrosinase showed the highest activity against the Meth A tumor in BALB/C mice. This suggests that both these components are needed for the antitumor activity of squid ink.Keywords : squid ink, antitumor activity, tyrosinase, illexin, peptidoglycan Squid ink is used as an additive in food processing (Sato, l 995). In terms of the physiological activities of the ink, regulation of gastric juice secretion and anti-ulceration activity have been reported (Mimura et al.,1982, 1 985). In addition, we have found that squid ink has antitumor activity against Meth A fibrosarcoma in BALB/C mice. The ink fraction containing peptidoglycan had higher antitumor activity than the other fractions (Takaya et al. , 1 994a;Sasaki et al., 1997). We also found that the carbohydrate part of the peptidoglycan has a new type of mucopolysaccharide structure which we called illexin (Takaya et a/., l 994b, 1 996). However, the key component and mechanism of antitumor activity is unclear.As to the biological f'unctions of IPG, we have found that highly soluble melanin could be prepared from dopa by using tyrosinase (monophenol. L-dopa: oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1 . 14. 1 8. I ) in the presence of IPG (unpublished data). The result suggests a cooperative role of IPG and tyrosinase in biosynthesis of the ink in cephalopods, based on their specific interactions.Tyrosinase is a copper-containing enzyme widely distributed in nature, which catalyzes the o-hydroxylation of tyrosine to dopa, as well as the oxidation of dopa to dopaquinone during melanin formation (Hearing & Ekel, 1 976). The properties and functions of tyrosinase from many organisms have been reported. In arthropods, tyrosinase is known to play a key role in cuticular tanning and sclerotization and in det~ense against pathogens (Soderhall et al., 1979; Ashida & Donke, 1980;Andersen & Roepstorff, 1 982; Sugumaran, 1 988; Johansson & Soderhall, l 989; Aspin et a/., 1 995; Hall et al. , 1995). However, in cephalopods, the characteristics of tyrosinase, which is the principal enzyme for making the ink, have not been investigated sufnciently (Prota et al., 1981 ; Palumbo et al. , 1 985, 1994, 1 997).Abbreviations: IPG, illexin-peptidoglycan; dopa, 3_ ,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine; PAGE, polyacrylamide gel electorophoresis. *TO Whom correspondence should b...

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confidence: 99%

Tyrosinase Activity in Antitumor Compounds of Squid Ink.

Naraoka

Chung

Uchisawa

et al. 2000

FSTR

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“…As an extremely versatile and widespread component of invertebrate biochemical systems, L-dopa can be synthesized from tyrosine by at least three distinct enzymatic pathways (Waite, 1992). In invertebrates alone, L-dopa and its metabolites are involved in processes as diverse as egg capsule formation (Smyth and Clegg, 1959), silk production (Kramer et al, 1989), immunity (Nappi et al, 1991) and predator defence (Prota et al, 1981). Since Ldopaminergic pathways are involved in both insect behavioural plasticity (Goldstein and Camhi, 1991;Kostowski et al, 1975) and learning (Zhang et al, 2007), perhaps it is not surprising that an Ldopa analogue is implicated in locust phase transmission.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Swarm formation in the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria:isolation and NMR analysis of the primary maternal gregarizing agent

Miller

Islam

Claridge

et al. 2008

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYDepending on their rearing density, female desert locusts Schistocerca gregaria epigenetically endow their offspring with differing phenotypes. To identify the chemical basis for such maternal transmission, we compared solitarious and gregarious locust egg pod foam using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). We revealed causal relationships between foam chemistry and hatchling phenotype (phase state) by iteratively applying HPLC fractions from gregarious locust egg foam extracts to solitarious eggs and assessing resulting hatchlings with a behavioural bioassay involving logistic regression. Selection and application of increasingly specific HPLC fractions allowed us to isolate compounds with gregarizing properties. Hatchling gregarization was triggered only by certain fractions and was dose dependent. In a final series of experiments, we characterized the most specific gregarizing fraction by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Here we present tentative structural features of the primary locust maternal gregarizing agent, which appears to be an alkylated L-dopa analogue. In addition, we propose a mechanism for phase-dependent regulation of this compoundʼs activity.

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“…The Journal of Experimental Biology 216 (8) mechanism of defense by cephalopods, in which ink over-stimulates chemoreceptors of predators so that those predators can no longer sense chemicals released by prey (Eibl-Eibesfeldt and Scheer, 1962;MacGinitie and MacGinitie, 1968;Fox, 1974;Kittredge et al, 1974;Prota et al, 1981;Moynihan and Rodaniche, 1982), it has not been experimentally demonstrated. Sensory inactivation has been suggested as functioning in the visual modality, but the evidence there too is anecdotal.…”

Section: Comparative Biology Of Sensory Inactivation Sensory Inactivamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Morin, 1983;Morin, 1986;Mackie, 1995;Deheyn and Wilson, 2011) or for inactivation of predators' chemical senses by inking cephalopods (e.g. Eibl-Eibesfeldt and Scheer, 1962;MacGinitie and MacGinitie, 1968;Fox, 1974;Kittredge et al, 1974;Prota et al, 1981;Moynihan and Rodaniche, 1982). One candidate for sensory inactivation as an anti-predatory defense is the ink secretion of sea hares.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Defense through sensory inactivation: sea hare ink reduces sensory and motor responses of spiny lobsters to food odors

Love-Chezem

Aggio

Derby

2013

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYAntipredator defenses are ubiquitous and diverse. Ink secretion of sea hares (Aplysia) is an antipredator defense acting through the chemical senses of predators by different mechanisms. The most common mechanism is ink acting as an unpalatable repellent. Less common is ink secretion acting as a decoy (phagomimic) that misdirects predatorsʼ attacks. In this study, we tested another possible mechanism -sensory inactivation -in which ink inactivates the predatorʼs reception of food odors associated with would-be prey. We tested this hypothesis using spiny lobsters, Panulirus argus, as model predators. Ink secretion is composed of two glandular products, one being opaline, a viscous substance containing concentrations of hundreds of millimolar of total free amino acids. Opaline sticks to antennules, mouthparts and other chemosensory appendages of lobsters, physically blocking access of food odors to the predatorʼs chemosensors, or over-stimulating (short term) and adapting (long term) the chemosensors. We tested the sensory inactivation hypotheses by treating the antennules with opaline and mimics of its physical and/or chemical properties. We compared the effects of these treatments on responses to a food odor for chemoreceptor neurons in isolated antennules, as a measure of effect on chemosensory input, and for antennular motor responses of intact lobsters, as a measure of effect on chemically driven motor behavior. Our results indicate that opaline reduces the output of chemosensors by physically blocking reception of and response to food odors, and this has an impact on motor responses of lobsters. This is the first experimental demonstration of inactivation of peripheral sensors as an antipredatory defense. Supplementary material available online at

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Occurrence and properties of tyrosinase in the ejected ink of cephalopods

Cited by 42 publications

References 10 publications

Tyrosinase Activity in Antitumor Compounds of Squid Ink.

Tyrosinase Activity in Antitumor Compounds of Squid Ink.

Swarm formation in the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria:isolation and NMR analysis of the primary maternal gregarizing agent

Defense through sensory inactivation: sea hare ink reduces sensory and motor responses of spiny lobsters to food odors

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