Occurrence and Health-Risk Assessment of Trace Metals in Raw and Boiled Drinking Water from Rural Areas of China

Wu, Junhua; Man, Yi; Sun, Guangyi; Shang, Lihai

doi:10.3390/w10050641

Cited by 21 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 52 publications

(72 reference statements)

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“…In addition, high Zn levels in tap water (Table 1) were found to be over 100 times higher than those shown by a related study in Central Uganda [10], probably due to weaker water quality practices in rural communities of Uganda. In China, high Zn levels in drinking water have been associated with mining activities [47]; however, there was no evidence for this in Bushenyi district of Southwestern Uganda where these samples were collected showing that environmental contamination with Zn was related to the heavy pesticide usage which is common in many agricultural ecosystems [16, 48]. Furthermore, Cu concentrations were highest in tap water (Table 1) possibly due to the use of copper pipes in the transportation of water by the Uganda National Water and Sewerage Cooperation (UNWSC).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety of Drinking Water from Primary Water Sources and Implications for the General Public in Uganda

Kasozi

Namubiru

Kamugisha

et al. 2019

Journal of Environmental and Public Health

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Background. There is scarcity of information about the quality and safety of drinking water in Africa. Without such vital information, sustainable development goal number 6 which promotes availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation remains elusive especially in developing countries. The study aimed at determining concentrations of inorganic compounds, estimated daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ), hazard index (HI), incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR), and identify safe drinking water source sources in Southwestern Uganda. Methods. This was an observational study in which 40 drinking water samples were collected from georeferenced boreholes, springs, open wells, bottled, and taps within Bushenyi district of Southwestern Uganda. Water samples were analyzed for copper (Cu), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and chromium (Cr) levels using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Water safety measures (EDI, HI, and ILCR) were established for each water source and compared with local and international water permissible standards for each analyte. A spatial map was drawn using qGIS®, and analysis of quantitative data was done using MS Excel 2013 at 95% significance. Results. Heavy metals were present in the following order: 11.276 ppm > 4.4623 ppm > 0.81 ppm > 0.612 ppm > 0.161 ppm for Fe, Zn, Pb, Cu, and Cd, respectively, while Cr was not detected. Fe was the primary water heavy metal in the order of open well > borehole > tap > spring > bottled water. This was followed by Zn levels in the order of tap > bottled > spring > borehole > open well. All compounds were within international water safety standards except Pb. Hence, there is need for the government of Uganda to establish water filtration systems, particularly for Pb to improve the quality of water for the general public. The EDI was similar (P>0.05) for water consumed from spring, bottled, and tap sources for Fe and Zn levels. Similarly, no differences were found in the EDI for children and adults (P>0.05). Furthermore, the HI showed an absence of noncarcinogenic risk associated (HI < 1), although the ILCR was higher in adults than children (P<0.05) due to high Cd concentrations. Conclusion. The current identified Fe is a major heavy metal in drinking water of Uganda, and boreholes were the major safest sources of drinking water identified in this study.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety of Drinking Water from Primary Water Sources and Implications for the General Public in Uganda

Kasozi

Namubiru

Kamugisha

et al. 2019

Journal of Environmental and Public Health

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“…It describes the degree of harm to the human body under various exposure pathways, and proposes recommendations to protect human health [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26]. HHRA is based on four steps; hazard identification, dose-response assessment, exposure assessment, and risk characterization [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35].…”

Section: Human Health Risk Assessment Model and Parameter Acquisitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health Risk Assessment of Nitrate Pollution in Shallow Groundwater: A Case Study in China

Tian¹,

Liang²,

Gong³

et al. 2019

Pol. J. Environ. Stud.

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Groundwater is one of Earth's most precious natural resources [1]. It is vital to human health and the quality and quantity of grains because it affects soils, crops, and the surrounding environment [1,2]. However, due to environmental changes andhuman activities, groundwater quality is deteriorating at an alarming rate [3]. In recent years, the excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in agricultural areas hasbecome a major source of groundwater pollution, attracting considerable attention [4,5]. Since 2006, China has become the world's largest producer and consumer of fertilizers. In 2016, global fertilizer consumption was approximately 187 million tons, of which China's consumption was 59.84 million tons [6,7]. The large-scale use of chemical fertilizers,

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“…The attribution of these incidents and factors influencing their frequency, severity, and consequences has been the subject of many investigations [6][7][8][9]. Of these incidents, contamination in the distribution network, including household plumbing, proves to be the most challenging to detect and control [10][11][12][13][14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, sampling done at "supply points to consumers" usually means that the samples are taken before they enter the household. Several studies have reported increased concentrations of contaminants in the household tap due to factors related to plumbing, water temperature, and stagnation [13,15,16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health Risk Assessment of Household Drinking Water in a District in the UAE

Mahmoud

Hamouda

Kendi

et al. 2018

Water

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The quality of household drinking water in a community of 30 houses in a district in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (UAE) was assessed over a period of one year (January to November 2015). Standard analytical techniques were used to screen for water quality parameters and contaminants of concern. Water quality was evaluated in the 30 households at four sampling points: kitchen faucet, bathroom faucet, household water tank, and main water pipe. The sampling points were chosen to help identify the source when an elevated level of a particular contaminant is observed. Water quality data was interpreted by utilizing two main techniques: spatial variation analysis and multivariate statistical techniques. Initial analysis showed that many households had As, Cd, and Pb concentrations that were higher than the maximum allowable level set by UAE drinking water standards. In addition, the water main samples had the highest concentration of the heavy metals compared to other sampling points. Health risk assessment results indicated that approximately 30%, 55%, and 15% of the houses studied had a high, moderate, and low risk from the prolonged exposure to heavy metals, respectively. The analysis can help with planning a spatially focused sampling plan to confirm the study findings and set an appropriate course of action.

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Occurrence and Health-Risk Assessment of Trace Metals in Raw and Boiled Drinking Water from Rural Areas of China

Cited by 21 publications

References 52 publications

Safety of Drinking Water from Primary Water Sources and Implications for the General Public in Uganda

Safety of Drinking Water from Primary Water Sources and Implications for the General Public in Uganda

Health Risk Assessment of Nitrate Pollution in Shallow Groundwater: A Case Study in China

Health Risk Assessment of Household Drinking Water in a District in the UAE

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