Occurrence and fate of legacy and novel per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in freshwater after an industrial fire of unknown chemical stockpiles

Marchiandi, Jaye; Szabo, Drew; Dagnino, Sonia; Green, Mark P.; Clarke, Bradley O.

doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116839

Cited by 31 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…26 Elevated concentrations of PFECHS recently discovered in surface waters in Melbourne have been linked to the uncontrolled discharge of PFAScontaining chemical wastes (<0.05−77 ng/L −1 ). 18 PFASs were not commonly detected in soil, with only one PFCA and two PFSAs detected in >50% of soil samples from four sites surrounding Albert Park lake. The most frequently detected compounds were PFOS with a mean concentration of 9.6 ± 1.5 ng g −1 dw, while concentrations of PFHxS and PFDA were lower at 0.9 ± 0.2 ng g −1 dw and 1.2 ± 0.3 ng g −1 dw, respectively.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…The concentration of PFECHS in this lake is higher than average concentrations found in the Laurentian Great Lakes region (0.2–5.7 ng L –1 ), and is similar to the ranges reported from surface waters adjacent to airports in China (1.0–324 ng L –1 ) and Canada (4.3 ± 1.4 ng L –1 ) . Elevated concentrations of PFECHS recently discovered in surface waters in Melbourne have been linked to the uncontrolled discharge of PFAS-containing chemical wastes (<0.05–77 ng/L –1 ) …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…14 Discharge from stormwater in residential areas is primarily driven by concentrations of PFASs in precipitation, 15 while in urban areas with commercial and industrial activity, concentrations of PFASs increase in nearby surface water bodies due to discharge of contaminated waste and soil. 16 The contamination of surface water bodies by PFASs can be further exacerbated by accidental discharges of aqueous-film-forming foam (AFFF), 17 PFAS-containing waste, 18 or other currently unknown sources unique to specific urban environments that may be present around the world, such as those from leisure activities, that is, motorsports and powerboating. Since the discovery of the global distribution of PFOS in the environment, 19 up to 40 replacement classes of PFASs can now be detected in the environment, 20,21 complicating efforts to characterize the fate and impact of substances with various chemistries.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Field-Based Distribution and Bioaccumulation Factors for Cyclic and Aliphatic Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in an Urban Sedentary Waterbird Population

Szabo

Moodie

Green

et al. 2022

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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The field-based distribution and bioaccumulation factor (BAF) for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) were determined in residential Black Swans (Cygnus atratus) from an urban lake (Melbourne, Australia). The concentrations of 46 aliphatic and cyclic PFASs were determined by HPLC-MS/MS in serum and excrement from swans, and water, sediment, aquatic macrophytes, soil, and grass samples in and around the lake. Elevated concentrations of ∑46PFASs were detected in serum (120 ng mL–1) and excrement (110 ng g–1 dw) were strongly related indicating a potential noninvasive sampling methodology. Environmental concentrations of PFASs were consistent with a highly impacted ecosystem and notably high concentrations of perfluoro-4-ethylcyclohexanesulfonate (PFECHS, 67584–42–3; C8HF15SO3) were detected in water (27 ng L–1) and swan serum (16 ng mL–1). In the absence of credible putative alternative sources of PFECHS input to the lake, we propose that the use of high-performance motorsport vehicles is a likely source of contamination to this ecosystem. The BAF of perfluorocarboxylic acids increased with each additional CF2 moiety from PFOA (15.7 L kg–1 ww) to PFDoDA (3615 L kg–1 ww). The BAF of PFECHS was estimated as 593 L kg–1 ww, which is lower compared with that of PFOS (1097 L kg–1 ww).

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Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Field-Based Distribution and Bioaccumulation Factors for Cyclic and Aliphatic Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in an Urban Sedentary Waterbird Population

Szabo

Moodie

Green

et al. 2022

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…This is expected to lead to new environmental pollution problems. Indeed, recent studies have detected 6:2 FTSA in the water environment and aquatic organisms, and that the detection rate and concentration of this substance are on the rise [ 16 , 17 ]. For example, the average concentration of 6:2 FTSA detected in seawater samples from the edge area of China was only 0.14–0.16 ng/L, but the detection rate reached 100% [ 18 , 19 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunotoxicity and Transcriptome Analyses of Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Embryos Exposed to 6:2 FTSA

Zhang

Ren

Chen

2023

Toxics

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As a new alternative to perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (6:2 FTSA) has been widely produced and used in recent years, and its concentration and frequency of detection in the aquatic environment and aquatic organisms are increasing. However, studies of its toxicity in aquatic biological systems are alarmingly scarce, and the relevant toxicological information needs to be improved. In this study, we investigated AB wild-type zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos subjected to acute 6:2 FTSA exposure for immunotoxicity using immunoassays and transcriptomics. Immune indexes showed significant decreases in SOD and LZM activities, but no significant change in NO content. Other indexes (TNOS, iNOS, ACP, AKP activities, and MDA, IL-1β, TNF-α, NF-κB, TLR4 content) all showed significant increases. These results indicated that 6:2 FTSA induced oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in zebrafish embryos and exhibited immunotoxicity. Consistently, transcriptomics showed that genes involved in the MAPK, TLR and NOD-like receptor signaling pathways (hsp70, hsp701, stat1b, irf3, cxcl8b, map3k8, il1b, tnfa and nfkb) were significantly upregulated after 6:2 FTSA exposure, suggesting that 6:2 FTSA might induce immunotoxicity in zebrafish embryos through the TLR/NOD-MAPK pathway. The results of this study indicate that the safety of 6:2 FTSA should be examined further.

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“…PFASs continue to be used for a variety of industrial and commercial purposes [3], such as aqueous film forming foam (AFFF), Scotchgard™ and Teflon™ despite evidence demonstrating their persistence, environmental accumulation and adverse health effects [4]. PFASs enter the environment by intentional [5] and accidental [6] discharge of PFAS-containing products and can then bioaccumulate in plants and animals exposed to contaminated soil and/or water [7,8]. Therefore, there is an increasing demand to improve the measurement of PFASs in biological matrices to include a wide range of chemistries more easily and affordably.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation and validation of methodologies for the extraction of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in serum of birds and mammals

et al. 2022

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Advances in analytical techniques have allowed greater detection of environmental contaminants from small volumes of sample. Four methodologies were evaluated for the extraction of 53 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) from eight classes in 200 µL of avian and mammal serum. Spiked serums at four concentrations (0, 0.5, 5.0 and 25 ng mL−1) were prepared by protein precipitation (PPT), enhanced matrix removal (EMR), weak anion exchange (WAX), and hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) solid-phase extraction cartridges. The extract from each methodology was analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS/MS), and concentrations were compared with known concentrations in the spiked media. EMR performed the best overall, with 40 of 53 compounds effectively recovered at 5 ng mL−1. Furthermore, EMR was effective overall at concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 25 ng mL−1 for 39 out of 53. Similarly, PPT was effective for 35 of 53 compounds at all spiked serum concentrations. There was a negative correlation between internal standard recovery for compounds with increasing octanol–water coefficients (Kow) for WAX (R = − 0.65, p = 0.0043) and HLB (R = − 0.62, p = 0.0077) extractions, indicating methanol may not be a suitable solvent for long-chain PFAS extraction from protein-rich tissues. EMR and PPT represent fast and effective methodologies for the extraction of PFASs from low volumes of serum which allows greater accuracy and precision that can be applied to future human and wildlife biomonitoring programmes.

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Occurrence and fate of legacy and novel per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in freshwater after an industrial fire of unknown chemical stockpiles

Cited by 31 publications

References 59 publications

Field-Based Distribution and Bioaccumulation Factors for Cyclic and Aliphatic Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in an Urban Sedentary Waterbird Population

Field-Based Distribution and Bioaccumulation Factors for Cyclic and Aliphatic Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in an Urban Sedentary Waterbird Population

Immunotoxicity and Transcriptome Analyses of Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Embryos Exposed to 6:2 FTSA

Evaluation and validation of methodologies for the extraction of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in serum of birds and mammals

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