Occurrence and exposure risk evaluation of polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) in drinking water

Wang, Guowei; Jiang, Timing; Li, Sen; Hou, Huijie; Xiao, Keke; Hu, Jingping; Liang, Sha; Liu, Bingchuan; Yang, Jiakuan

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141615

Cited by 45 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…As can be seen, CZ and three PHCZs (including 3-CCZ, 2), which was similar to that in drinking water from Wuhan [29], and seawater from Yellow Sea [27]. This may be due to its synthesis reactions and its resistance to degradation, compared with other PHCZ congeners [19].…”

Section: Real Water Analysissupporting

confidence: 51%

“…The LODs, based on signal-to-noise ratio of three (S/N = 3), were in the range 0.018−0.12 ng/L. These LODs are comparable to LLE GC-MS [19,27], but superior to those obtained with SPE GC-MS using Poly-sery PSD (500 mg, 6 mL) [28,29]. EF can be defined as the ratio of the equilibrium concentration of analytes in organic phase to the original concentration of analytes in the aqueous phase, with EPs values of 8715−11,247 in this study.…”

Section: Evaluation Of the Methods Performancementioning

confidence: 76%

“…As the concentrations of these compounds are mostly in the range of pg/L-ng/L, analytes in environmental water need to be extracted, purified, and concentrated prior to instrumental analysis. To the best of our knowledge, there are only a few methods that have been developed to analyze PHCZs in environmental waters [19,[27][28][29]. Liquidliquid extraction (LLE) [19,27,28] and solid phase extraction (SPE) [28,29] are still nowadays the most common technique.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To the best of our knowledge, there are only a few methods that have been developed to analyze PHCZs in environmental waters [19,[27][28][29]. Liquidliquid extraction (LLE) [19,27,28] and solid phase extraction (SPE) [28,29] are still nowadays the most common technique. LLE and SPE are generally effective, but have some drawbacks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…LLE and SPE are generally effective, but have some drawbacks. For example, they require a large volume of the aqueous sample for enriching the analytes (up to 5 L), which is time consuming [19,[27][28][29]. LLE is laborious, and high-purity solvent consuming.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determination of polyhalogenated carbazoles in waters at low nanogram‐per‐liter concentrations with solid‐phase disk extraction

Zhao

Jin

2021

J of Separation Science

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Polyhalogenated carbazoles, a class of emerging contaminants with persistence and dioxin-like toxicity, have received increasing attention in recent years. In this study, a simple, rapid, sensitive, and high throughput method based on solidphase disk extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was described for the determination of polyhalogenated carbazoles in low nanogram-per-liter range in water samples. The proposed solid-phase disk extraction method was initially optimized, and the optimum experimental conditions found were 1 L water sample (pH 6-9) extracted and enriched by Empore 3-stn octadecyl disk at flow rate of 5 to 50 mL/min and eluted by 5 mL of acetone and 3 × 10 mL methylene dichloride. The linearity of the method ranged from 0.2 to 50 ng/L for carbazole and 11 polyhalogenated carbazoles, with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.9951 to 0.9996. The limits of detection were in the low nanogram per liter level, ranging from 0.018 to 0.12 ng/L. Finally, the optimized method was applied for determining trace levels of carbazole and 11 polyhalogenated carbazoles in tap water and seawater samples with good recovery of 86.6-112.8%. Carbazole and 3-7 polyhalogenated carbazoles were detected, and 3,6-dichlorocarbazole was the predominant congener both in tap water and seawater.

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Section: Real Water Analysissupporting

confidence: 51%

Section: Evaluation Of the Methods Performancementioning

confidence: 76%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Determination of polyhalogenated carbazoles in waters at low nanogram‐per‐liter concentrations with solid‐phase disk extraction

Zhao

Jin

2021

J of Separation Science

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Method development for determination of polyhalogenated carbazoles in industrial waste through gas chromatography/triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry

Sun

Yang

Chen

et al. 2022

Rapid Comm Mass Spectrometry

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Rationale Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) are dioxin‐like compounds that are ubiquitous in the environment. However, their unintentional emissions from industrial sources have received little attention and there is no method available for determination of PHCZs in industrial waste. This research develops a method for determination of PHCZs in industrial waste. Methods In this research, a glass column packed with activated silica serves as a rapid and efficient clean‐up pretreatment for purification. An isotope dilution gas chromatography/triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry method was established for simultaneous determination of eleven PHCZs in industrial samples. Results The regression coefficients of the standard curves for the congeners were all >0.99. The method detection limit ranged from 1.46 to 3.82 ng/mL for liquid samples and from 0.009 to 0.021 ng/g for solid samples. The precision described by the relative standard deviation ranged from 2.4% to 18.4% for liquid samples and from 5.5% to 35.8% for solid samples. The recovery ranges for the liquid and solid samples were 82%–123% and 83%–137%, respectively. 3‐Chlorocarbazole (3‐CCZ) and 36‐dichlorocarbazole (36‐CCZ) can be detected in both chemical bottom liquid from vinyl chloride production and fly ash from medical waste incineration by this method. Conclusions An efficient method is established for determination of PHCZs from industrial waste. The discovery of 3‐CCZ and 36‐CCZ highlights the importance of identification of potential industrial sources of PHCZs and clarification of their contribution to environmental risks. Our method could be applied to investigate industrial emission of PHCZs.

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Mutual interference between 3,6-dichlorinated carbazole and p,p′-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane in gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis

Zhou,

Su,

Zhong

et al. 2023

Environ Monit Assess

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Occurrence and exposure risk evaluation of polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) in drinking water

Cited by 45 publications

References 54 publications

Determination of polyhalogenated carbazoles in waters at low nanogram‐per‐liter concentrations with solid‐phase disk extraction

Determination of polyhalogenated carbazoles in waters at low nanogram‐per‐liter concentrations with solid‐phase disk extraction

Method development for determination of polyhalogenated carbazoles in industrial waste through gas chromatography/triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry

Mutual interference between 3,6-dichlorinated carbazole and p,p′-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane in gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis

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