Occurrence and distribution of sulfonamides, tetracyclines, quinolones, macrolides, and nitrofurans in livestock manure and amended soils of Northern China

Abstract

A feasible and rapid analysis for the simultaneous determination of sulfonamides (SAs), tetracyclines (TCs), fluoroquinolones (FQs), macrolides (MACs) and nitrofurans (NFs) in livestock manure and soils was established by solid-phase extraction (SPE)-ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). A total of 32 manure and 17 amended soil samples from the Liaoning and Tianjin areas in Northern China were collected for analysis. The largest detected frequencies and concentrations in manure samples were those of TCs (3326.6 ± 12,302.6 μg/kg), followed by FQs (411.3 ± 1453.4 μg/kg), SAs (170.6 ± 1060.2 μg/kg), NFs (85.1 ± 158.1 μg/kg), and MACs (1.4 ± 4.8 μg/kg). In general, veterinary antibiotics (VAs) were detected with higher concentrations in swine and chicken manure than in cattle manure, reflecting the heavy usage of VAs in swine and chicken husbandry in the studied area. Furthermore, higher residues of antibiotics were found in piglet and fattening swine manure than in sow manure. In addition, TCs were the most frequently (100%) detected antibiotics in amended soil with higher concentrations (up to 10,967.1 μg/kg) than any other VAs. The attenuation of SAs was more obvious than TCs in amended soil after fertilization, which can most likely be attributed to the stronger sorption of TCs than SAs to soil organic matter through cation exchange. This study illustrated the prevalence of TCs detected in both animal manure and fertilized agricultural soils in Northern China, which may increase the risk to human health through the food chain. Thus, TCs should be given more attention in the management of veterinary usage in livestock husbandry.

Antibiotics and the Terrestrial Nitrogen Cycle: A Review

“…In addition to their application in human medicine, antibiotics are broadly dispensed for therapeutic, prophylactic, and growth promotion purposes in the livestock and poultry industries. Up to 90 % is excreted without being metabolized [4,6], and recent studies have identified as many as 20 different antibiotic compounds in feces samples from swine, poultry, and livestock production facilities [26][27][28][29]. Hospital effluent and wastewater samples are also consistently found to contain a broad range of antibiotic compounds at low concentrations [30,31].…”

“…NH 4 + accumulates in soil as a result of mineralization, N fixation (legumes), direct deposition from the atmosphere, or by application of inorganic fertilizers containing NH 4 + salts, e.g., (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 . NH 4 + strongly sorbs to the negatively charged surfaces of soil minerals and Ch (1) MM ( [41] Ch (3) SM ( 75.5 [27,28,36,37,41,43,[45][46][47][48][49] soil organic matter (SOM) and is therefore resistant to leaching, but it may be lost by surface runoff, plant uptake, biological nitrification, or annomox reactions. NO 3 − that is produced via nitrification or directly added to soils via inorganic fertilizers, e.g., KNO 3 , is susceptible to a number of losses.…”

Residues and risks of veterinary antibiotics in protected vegetable soils following application of different manures

“…This observation is similar to the results of Li et al (2011) who found that most FQs had a detectable ratio of 100% and TC had a detectable ratio of 97%. The investigation of Hou et al (2015) on soils amended with livestock manure also indicated a high detectable ratio of 100% for TCs. Although the SAs have a lower detectable ratio compared with other three types of antibiotics in general, SCZ, SCX and SDM are the three SAs that had a relatively higher detectable ratio.…”

“…The veterinary antibiotics may enter soils through landapplication of manures in the farmland and further release into water by runoff or leaching. The veterinary antibiotics contamination in farmland soil has been concerned of worldwide (Kumar et al, 2005;Hu et al, 2010;Li et al, 2011;Hou et al, 2015;Wei et al, 2016). However, the fate of antibiotics in soil varied with compounds.…”

“…It has been estimated that the total cropping area of protected vegetables in China had reached 4.67 million ha by the end of 2010, double the area in 2004 (Yu, 2011). Hence, antibiotics contamination in such high frequency vegetable rotation farming systems has increasingly been of concern in recent years (Li et al, 2013a;Fang et al, 2014;Hou et al, 2015;Ur Rehman et al, 2015;Zhang et al, 2015;Wei et al, 2016), and many of these studies have focused on soil contamination by the antibiotics. In this study, soil samples with varied manure applications and vegetable planting durations were collected to investigate the veterinary antibiotics residue in the soils of intensive vegetable land, and to evaluate the potential environmental risk based on the current residual level.…”