Occurrence and distribution of micro/nanoplastics in soils and their phytotoxic effects: A review

Abstract

Some recent studies have reviewed the occurrence and phytotoxicity of micro/ nanoplastics, but their distribution in the soil environment, mechanisms of uptake by roots and the mode of action are unclear. Thus, this review comprehensively represents the relative abundance of micro/nanoplastics in different soil types and their toxicities in plants with insights into their partitioning to different soil matrices, uptake mechanisms, and the mode of action. Partitioning of micro/nanoplastics to different soil matrices (like-soil particles, naturally occurring soil organic matters, pore waters and soil fauna) could modify their bioavailability to plants. The small micro/nanoplastic particles can be taken up by roots through the apoplastic and symplastic pathways. In this regard, cellular endocytosis and aquaporin might play a significant role. The shape of the polymers can also regulate their uptake, and the polymers with spherical shapes are more easily absorbed by roots than the polymers with other shapes. Bioaccumulation of micro/nanoplastic induces oxidative stress, which, in turn, causes alterations of gene expressions and different metabolic pathways responsible for plant growth, biomass production and synthesis of secondary metabolites.

Microplastic stress in plants: effects on plant growth and their remediations

“…Roots are ranked second amongst other plant parts that face direct and mechanical damage under MP stress. MPs can accumulate in roots and reduce root elongation, root activity, and root fresh and dry biomass production ( Boots et al., 2019 ; Maity et al., 2022 ; Wang et al., 2023a ). MP stress-induced root growth reduction has been reported in several crops ( Table 2 ), including wheat by LDPE MPs ( Qi et al., 2018 ), broad bean ( Vicia faba L.) and onion ( Allium cepa L.) by PS MPs ( Jiang et al., 2019 ; Lian et al., 2022 ), and broad bean by Bio-MP stress ( Meng et al., 2022 ).…”

“…MP stress also reduces plant growth and development by altering several key physiological processes including ionic homeostasis, redox regulation, and photosynthesis ( Guo et al., 2022 ; Maity et al., 2022 ). Nonetheless, MP-induced negative effects on plant growth and development depend on MP type- and dose-dependent effects ( Jiang et al., 2019 ; Wang et al., 2020a ; Ge et al., 2021 ).…”

New Fluorophore and Its Applications in Visualizing Polystyrene Nanoplastics in Bean Sprouts and HeLa Cells

“…To further elaborate, our selection of this particular observation point is underpinned by current literature findings along with practical considerations. Studies have highlighted diverse patterns in nanoplastic build-up within plants which can be influenced by factors such as properties of the nanoplastics themselves along with prevailing environmental conditions [70][71][72]. Additionally, given that hypocotyl forms an integral part of dietary consumption when it comes to bean sprouts, understanding its interactions with nanoplastics becomes crucial from a food safety perspective.…”

Combined Effects of Polystyrene Nanosphere and Homosolate Exposures on Estrogenic End Points in MCF-7 Cells and Zebrafish

“…Escalating plastic pollution has emerged as a grave concern for both the environment and society. 1 Among the emerging contaminants, micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) have garnered significant attention owing to their persistent presence in air, 2 land, 3 and water. 4 MNPs have been extensively studied in various living organisms.…”