Occurrence and distribution of antifouling biocide Irgarol-1051 in coral reef ecosystems, Zanzibar

Sheikh, Mohammed Ali; Juma, Fatma Shomari; Stæhr, Peter A.; Dahl, Karsten; Rashid, Rashid J.; Mohammed, Mohammed S.; Ussi, Ali M.; Ali, Hassan Rashid

doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.05.035

Cited by 22 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…For example the co-biocide cybutryne (Irgarol-1051) may be added to paint at a weight percent of 2.3%. This may give a release rate of 2 µg cybutryne/cm 2 /day (Netherlands, 2014) and environmental monitoring has shown it to be persistent in the environment and reach levels that are harmful to corals and other organisms (Owen et al, 2002;Sheikh et al, 2016). This has caused the IMO to a draft amendment to prohibit anti-fouling systems containing cybutryne (also known under its industry name Irgarol-1051) to apply to ships from January 1, 2023 (International Maritime Organization, 2020b).…”

Section: Point Source Dischargementioning

confidence: 99%

Proactive In-Water Ship Hull Grooming as a Method to Reduce the Environmental Footprint of Ships

et al. 2022

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The application of a proactive grooming program to manage the fouling control coatings applied to ship hulls provides an opportunity to address the climate crisis, invasive species and the discharge of biocides into the marine environment. A large percentage of the total power required to propel a ship is to overcome the viscous drag created between the hull and the water. The powering penalty due to increases in coating roughness and the development of biofouling are well documented. In addition, poorly maintained fouling control coatings may lead to the transportation of invasive species. In-water hull cleaning is therefore an important part of ship operations; however, this is typically implemented as a reactive measure when fouling reaches a critical level and requires powerful machinery which damages the coatings, creates unwanted discharge and in many locations the discharge will require capture and disposal. Ship hull grooming is being developed as a proactive method to manage fouling control coatings that will ensure that they are maintained in a smooth and fouling free condition, there is no transport of invasive species or excessive discharge of material that occurs during cleaning. This manuscript will summarize the findings of many years of research and development.

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Section: Point Source Dischargementioning

confidence: 99%

Proactive In-Water Ship Hull Grooming as a Method to Reduce the Environmental Footprint of Ships

et al. 2022

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“…10,45,46 Furthermore, hazardous chemical pollution from untreated sewage waters, shipping, and nutrients contribute to the deterioration of coral reef health and allied ecosystems. 47 Coral reef degradation is therefore, expected to continue with increasing costal population, climate warming and pollution. 20 On most of the monitored reef sites around Unguja and Pemba Islands, a severe decrease in the presence of temperature sensitive Acropora species has been observed since the mid 1990's.…”

Section: Evidence From Long Term Monitoring Of Coral Reefsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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2018

JAMB

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The health and functioning of coastal ecosystems around Zanzibar Islands is severely affected by a combination of human and natural pressures. These consists of rapid population growth, uncontrolled tourism, overfishing and destructive fishing practices, harvesting of mangroves, dumping of solid waste and untreated wastewater from urban areas, acting on top of climate change related increases in sea temperatures, and sea levels as well as outbreaks of invasive species. Despite a high financial value of the coastal zone related to tourism, fisheries and seaweed production, documentation of the environmental degradation is scarce and clear environmental targets are missing. Through a combination of baseline studies and a literature review, we give an overview of how human and natural pressures have affected the coastal ecosystem health of Zanzibar. We give examples of how well managed marine protected areas can mitigate degradation of coral reefs, and provide suggestions for steps needed to improve management of coastal marine resources.

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“…Similarly, triazine herbicides, prometryn, simetryn and ametryn, were detected near the reef transect of Hainan Island, among which prometryn concentrations reached up to 0.4 μg L –1 . The presence of Irgarol 1051 in coral reefs in Bermuda, Eastern Africa, Hawaii, the Florida Keys, and the wider Caribbean poses a grave hazard to endemic coral reefs. − The concentrations of these herbicides exceed threshold values critical for safeguarding 99% of species, according to the pesticide risk metric. , PSII herbicides inhibit photosynthetic electron transport by binding to the Q B binding site of the D1 protein in PSII, resulting in the generation of reactive oxygen species, subsequently interfering with Symbiodiniaceae photosynthesis, exacerbating oxidative damage, and ultimately compromising coral health. , However, it is still unknown whether environmental concentrations of PSII herbicides have physiologically relevant impacts on stress-tolerant corals, which in turn render them susceptible to ocean warming.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Concentrations of Herbicide Prometryn Render Stress-Tolerant Corals Susceptible to Ocean Warming

Zhou,

Li,

Zhang

et al. 2024

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Global warming has caused the degradation of coral reefs around the world. While stress-tolerant corals have demonstrated the ability to acclimatize to ocean warming, it remains unclear whether they can sustain their thermal resilience when superimposed with other coastal environmental stressors. We report the combined impacts of a photosystem II (PSII) herbicide, prometryn, and ocean warming on the stress-tolerant coral Galaxea fascicularis through physiological and omics analyses. The results demonstrate that the heat-stress-induced inhibition of photosynthetic efficiency in G. fascicularis is exacerbated in the presence of prometryn. Transcriptomics and metabolomics analyses indicate that the prometryn exposure may overwhelm the photosystem repair mechanism in stress-tolerant corals, thereby compromising their capacity for thermal acclimation. Moreover, prometryn might amplify the adverse effects of heat stress on key energy and nutrient metabolism pathways and induce a stronger response to oxidative stress in stress-tolerant corals. The findings indicate that the presence of prometryn at environmentally relevant concentrations would render corals more susceptible to heat stress and exacerbate the breakdown of coral Symbiodiniaceae symbiosis. The present study provides valuable insights into the necessity of prioritizing PSII herbicide pollution reduction in coral reef protection efforts while mitigating the effects of climate change.

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Occurrence and distribution of antifouling biocide Irgarol-1051 in coral reef ecosystems, Zanzibar

Cited by 22 publications

References 35 publications

Proactive In-Water Ship Hull Grooming as a Method to Reduce the Environmental Footprint of Ships

Proactive In-Water Ship Hull Grooming as a Method to Reduce the Environmental Footprint of Ships

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Environmental Concentrations of Herbicide Prometryn Render Stress-Tolerant Corals Susceptible to Ocean Warming

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