Occurrence and Destruction of PAHs, PCBs, ClPhs, ClBzs, and PCDD/Fs in Ash from Gasification of Straw

Asikainen, Arja; Kuusisto, M.; Hiltunen, Matti; Ruuskanen, Juhani

doi:10.1021/es0157907

Cited by 15 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The dioxin concentration of the product gas was 0.5 ng TEQ/Nm 3 where no OLGA was applied, while it was a factor 10 lower when the gas was purified using the OLGA scrubber. Other measurements presented in the plot are within the acceptable limit, thanks to rapid gas cooling [67].…”

Section: Overview Of Experimental Measurements Of Dioxin Formation Le...supporting

confidence: 60%

Dioxin Formation in Biomass Gasification: A Review

2022

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The amount of PCDD/F emissions produced by gasification operations is often within standard limits set by national and international laws (<0.1 ng TEQ/Nm3). However, a recent assessment of the literature indicates that gasification cannot always reduce PCDD/Fs emissions to acceptable levels, and thus a common belief on the replacement of incineration with gasification in order to reduce PCDD/Fs emissions seems overly simplistic. A review that summarizes the evidence on when gasification would likely result in environmentally benign emissions with PCDD/F below legal limits, and when not, would be of scientific and practical interest. Moreover, there are no reviews on dioxin formation in gasification. This review discusses the available data on the levels of dioxins formed by gasifying different waste streams, such as municipal solid wastes, plastics, wood waste, animal manure, and sewage sludge, from the existing experimental work. The PCDD/Fs formation in gasification and the operational parameters that can be controlled during the process to minimize PCDD/Fs formation are reviewed.

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Section: Overview Of Experimental Measurements Of Dioxin Formation Le...supporting

confidence: 60%

Dioxin Formation in Biomass Gasification: A Review

2022

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“…PAHs released into the environment are due to natural processes and anthropogenic sources such as waste incineration, coal gasification and accidental oil spills (Asikainen et al, 2002;Law et al, 2002;Koh et al, 2004). Different authors have reported the presence of PAHs in waters, marine organisms and sediments (Senthil Kumar et al, 2008;Massara Paletto et al, 2008;Francioni et al, 2007;Boscolo et al, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alkylphenols and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in eastern Mediterranean Spanish coastal marine bivalves

Bouzas

Aguado

Martí

et al. 2010

Environ Monit Assess

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This paper reports the first results on alkylphenol pollution in edible bivalves from the Spanish coast. Two sampling campaigns (July 2006 and July 2007) were carried out to determine the concentration of nonylphenol (NP), octylphenol (OP) and eight Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in wild mussels (Mytilus Galloprovincialys) and clams (Donax trunculus) at 14 sampling sites along the eastern Mediterranean Spanish coast. The results show that NP is the predominant alkylphenol, being the port of Valencia the most polluted area (up to 147 g/kg wet weight in clams). Moving away from the ports the concentration of NP in bivalves decreased. OP concentration was below its detection limit in most of the studied areas and its maximum concentration (6 g/kg w.w.) was measured in clams from the port of Sagunto. The presence of low levels of PAHs was observed in most of the studied areas. The total PAHs concentration (i.e. sum of the 8 measured PAHs) achieved a maximum value of 10.09 g/kg w.w. in the north coast of Valencia city. The distribution pattern of the individual PAHs showed that both pollution sources petrogenic and pyrolytic were present in the sampled areas. Fluoranthene was the most abundant PAH in mussels while benzo(b)fluoranthene in clams. The maximum concentration of 10 µg/kg w.w. for benzo(a)pyrene established by the European Commission was never reached, indeed sampled bivalves showed concentrations 10 times lower than this reference value. Thus, they can be considered safe for human consumption. Despite the low contamination levels, the results show an overall pollution of bivalves by alkylphenol and PAHs as well as an increment in the number of polluted areas from 2006 to 2007. Thus, periodical sampling campaigns should be carried out to monitor the long-term tendency of these toxic and persistent pollutants.

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“…The test demonstrated that small quantities of pollutants, and particularly air toxics, are present in the syngas. Polyaromatic hydrocarbon formation, which could be of concern in the ash as demonstrated in the gasification of other types of waste, 37 was not addressed. During the tests conducted, the oil feed rate increased from 56.9 to 60.6 kg/hr, which, in turn, represented a decrease in the heating value and an increase in the chlorine of the feed mixture, with a corresponding decrease in the relative amounts of carbon and hydrogen present in the oil.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance of a Semi-Industrial Scale Gasification Process for the Destruction of Polychlorinated Biphenyls

Mendoza

Caballero

Villarreal³

et al. 2006

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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A semi-industrial scale test was conducted to thermally treat mixtures of spent oil and askarels at a concentration of 50,000 ppm and 100,000 ppm of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) under a reductive atmosphere. In average, the dry-basis composition of the synthesis gas (syngas) obtained from the gasification process was: hydrogen 46%, CO 34%, CO 2 18%, and CH 4 0.8%. PCBs, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDDs/PCDFs) in the gas stream were analyzed by high-resolution gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry. The coplanar PCBs congeners 77, 105, 118, 156/ 157, and 167 were detected in the syngas at concentrations Ͻ2 ϫ 10 Ϫ7 mg/m 3 (at 298 K, 1 atm, dry basis, 7% O 2 ). The chlorine released in the destruction of the PCBs was transformed to hydrogen chloride and separated from the gas by an alkaline wet scrubber. The concentration of PCBs in the water leaving the scrubber was below the detection limit of 0.002 mg/L, whereas the destruction and removal efficiency was Ͼ99.9999% for both tests conducted. The concentration of PCDDs/PCDFs in the syngas were 8.1 ϫ 10 Ϫ6 ng-toxic equivalent (TEQ)/m 3 and 7

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Occurrence and Destruction of PAHs, PCBs, ClPhs, ClBzs, and PCDD/Fs in Ash from Gasification of Straw

Cited by 15 publications

References 18 publications

Dioxin Formation in Biomass Gasification: A Review

Dioxin Formation in Biomass Gasification: A Review

Alkylphenols and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in eastern Mediterranean Spanish coastal marine bivalves

Performance of a Semi-Industrial Scale Gasification Process for the Destruction of Polychlorinated Biphenyls

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