Occurrence and Biodegradation of Nonylphenol in the Environment

Mao, Zhen; Zheng, Xiaofei; Zhang, Yanqiu; Tao, Xiuxiang; Li, Yan; Wang, Wei

doi:10.3390/ijms13010491

Cited by 133 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 93 publications

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“…It is difficult to accurately estimate uptake efficiency for both compounds in the root exposure treatments due to their instability in the hydroponic system. Previous studies have reported that BPA and NP can quickly degrade in aqueous and soil environments due to microbial action [20,30], similar to this study. Ignoring the instability issue, the total mass uptake ranged from 0.002% (tomatoes) to 0.02% (lettuce, BPA) and 0.07% (lettuce, NP) of the total amount of both contaminants applied to both crops, with roots containing the highest concentrations of each.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…For the root exposure treatment, BPA and NP were spiked directly into the hydroponic nutrient solution. BPA and NP can be degraded efficiently by microflora in aqueous and soil environments, with half-lives of 1d or less [20,30]. This short half-life was confirmed in the hydroponic system used in the current study based on several monitoring events using an HPLC equipped with a fluorescence detector (Waters Corporation, Milford, MA).…”

Section: Exposuressupporting

confidence: 56%

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Uptake and distribution of bisphenol A and nonylphenol in vegetable crops irrigated with reclaimed water

Lü

Stoffella

et al. 2015

Journal of Hazardous Materials

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h i g h l i g h t s• BPA was more uniformly distributed between roots, stems, and leaves in lettuce.• NP concentrations were highest at site of exposure for both crops.• BPA concentrations were highest at site of exposure in tomatoes only.• Estimated daily intake of BPA ranged from 8.9 to 62.9 g.• Estimated daily intake of NP ranged from 11.9 to 95.1 g. a r t i c l e i n f o t r a c tThe potential uptake and distribution of bisphenol A (BPA) and nonylphenol (NP) (from reclaimed irrigation water) in edible crops was investigated. BPA and NP were spiked into simulated reclaimed water at environmentally relevant concentrations. Two crops (lettuce, Lactuca sativa and tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum) were grown hydroponically in a greenhouse using the spiked irrigation water under two irrigation exposure scenarios (overhead foliar exposure and subsurface root exposure). BPA concentrations in tomato fruit were 26.6 ± 5.8 (root exposure) and 18.3 ± 3.5 (foliar exposure) g kg −1 , while concentrations in lettuce leaves were 80.6 ± 23.1 (root exposure) and 128.9 ± 17.4 (foliar exposure) g kg −1 . NP concentrations in tomato fruit were 46.1 ± 6.6 (root exposure) and 24.6 ± 6.4 (foliar exposure) g kg −1 , while concentrations in lettuce leaves were 144.1 ± 9.2 (root exposure) and 195.0 ± 16.9 (foliar exposure) g kg −1 . BPA was relatively mobile in lettuce plants regardless of exposure route. Limited mobility was observed for NP in both crops and BPA in tomatoes. The estimated daily intake of BPA and NP through consumption of vegetables irrigated with reclaimed water ranged from 8.9-62.9 to 11.9-95.1 g, respectively, depending on the exposure route.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Exposuressupporting

confidence: 56%

Uptake and distribution of bisphenol A and nonylphenol in vegetable crops irrigated with reclaimed water

Lü

Stoffella

et al. 2015

Journal of Hazardous Materials

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“…In accordance with measured estrogenic activity, the highest concentrations of 4-iso-nonylphenols were detected at the sampling sites at Calbe and Luppe, with 16,000 mg/kg sediment and 115,000 mg/kg. A current review about the occurrence of nonylphenol in the environment was given by Mao et al [28]. A comparison of the present findings with international studies that are listed in this review shows the heavy contamination, especially of the sampling site Luppe.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Estrogenic effects along the river saale

Buchinger

Heininger

Schlüsener

et al. 2013

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Abstract-Sediments along the river Saale, one of the main tributaries of the river Elbe, were characterized with the yeast estrogen screen to elucidate possible sources of endocrine-disrupting compounds that might contribute to the downstream contamination of the river Elbe. At two sampling sites, elevated levels of estrogenic activity up to 55,000 ng ethinylestradiol equivalents per kilogram sediment dry weight were detected in the respective sediment extracts. Aliquots of the sediment extracts were analyzed for 4-nonylphenols and natural steroidal estrogens as possible candidates with an estrogenic potential. The maximal concentrations of 4-iso-nonylphenol and estrone were 115 mg/kg dry weight and 20 mg/kg dry weight at the sampling site Luppe, which showed in accordance the highest biological activity. Under consideration of compound concentration and compound specific estrogenic activity the 4-iso-nonylphenols contributed most to the observed estrogenic effect. A strong correlation between the measured estrogenic activity and the concentration of the sediment-associated 4-iso-nonylphenol underlines the relevance of this compound class as a xenoestrogen in the catchment area of the river Saale. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2013;32:526-534. # 2012 SETAC

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“…Clearly, NP affects a large range of species which occupy different trophic levels of the food chain in both freshwater and marine environments. The biodegradation rate of NP is low, and it can easily accumulate in sediments of the receiving waters downstream of pollution effluents and is readily taken up by fish and aquatic invertebrates either through the gill or from benthic organisms they consume (Zou 2003, Soares et al 2008, Mao et al 2012). Because NP is both lipophilic and resistant to biodegradation, it can accumulate in a variety of fish tissues with a bioconcentration factor (BCF) from 0.9 to 35589 (Mills & Chichester 2005, Soares et al 2008.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Causes of the skewed sex ratio in the Critically Endangered Formosa landlocked salmon of Taiwan

Hsu¹,

Chen²,

Gwo³

2016

Endang. Species. Res.

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The residual estrogenic pollutant alkyl phenols, 4-nonylphenol (NP), 4-tert-octylphenol (OP), and the sex ratio of Formosa landlocked salmon Oncorhynchus formosanus were surveyed in the Formosa landlocked salmon ecological reservation area. This species survives as a remnant, landlocked population in the headwaters of the Chichiawan Stream, a tributary of the Tachia River of central Taiwan. Dams restrict the movement of fish in and out of the agriculturally influenced zones. Fish (n = 157) were collected from a total of 9 habitat sites, and the amount of NP and OP present in each site (ambient water from rearing pools, streams, stream sediments, and agricultural effluents) was measured and the sex of the fish was determined via a noninvasive PCR-based method. The results indicate significantly higher NP content and a skewed sex ratio in Formosa landlocked salmon found in agricultural zones compared to salmon found in non-agricultural zones. The concentrations and distributions of NP observed in this study are ecologically significant because they correspond with the skewed sexual ratio and the lower quality and quantity of male salmon sperm observed in previous field investigations. Although the skewed sex ratios are likely a reflection of multiple endocrine disrupting compounds rather than simply NP and OP alone, these results support the contention that exposure of Formosa landlocked salmon to environmentally persistent estrogenic chemicals can have deleterious reproductive consequences.

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Occurrence and Biodegradation of Nonylphenol in the Environment

Cited by 133 publications

References 93 publications

Uptake and distribution of bisphenol A and nonylphenol in vegetable crops irrigated with reclaimed water

Uptake and distribution of bisphenol A and nonylphenol in vegetable crops irrigated with reclaimed water

Estrogenic effects along the river saale

Causes of the skewed sex ratio in the Critically Endangered Formosa landlocked salmon of Taiwan

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