Occurrence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli Isolates in Apparently Healthy Slaughtered Cattle, Sheep and Goats in East Azarbaijan Province

Abstract

Background:The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance bacteria in meat-producing animals, especially ruminants, represents a major problem for human and veterinary medicine and also could increase the patients' morbidity and mortality. Objectives: The current study aimed to identify the occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli isolated from slaughtered ruminants in East-Azarbaijan province. Materials and Methods: In this study 160 samples (40 sheep, 40 goats and 80 cattle) were examined to isolate the enteric pathogens. The antibiotic resistance was determined by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method using 12 antibiotics. Results: A total of one hundred and twenty bacteria were obtained and most of these isolates belonged to these following genera: Escherichia coli (25%), Proteus (18.8%), Salmonella spp. (8.8 %), Pseudomonas spp. (7.5%) and Yersinia spp. (6.3%). Eight (57.1%) of 14 Salmonella spp. isolates and 26 (65%) of 40 E. coli isolates showed resistance to more than four antibiotics, called multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR). Conclusions: Overall, the obtained results emphasize the need for a surveillance and monitoring system to emerge drug resistance in all pathogenic microorganisms in ruminant and other animals.

Characterization of commensal Escherichia coli isolates from slaughtered sheep in Mexico

“…In the present research work we report 46% of CEC isolates, a similar figure is reported in Portugal [19] 38.8%, in Azarbaijan report 40%, [20] both studies carried out with slaughtered sheep. It is worth mentioning that of these isolates, seven came from the canal and thirty-four from rectal swab it is important to note that the isolates detected on the carcass represent a more important risk factor for possible contamination of the product [21] The strains that may belong to a particular phylogenetic group may be associated with the source of the isolation, the presence of point mutations and horizontal gene transfer, as well as a possible influence of various geographical conditions [18] Wang et al, [22] mentions phylogroup B1 as the predominate in ruminants, this data is consistent with that reported in Portugal with sheep slaughtered [19] and this work.…”

“…In this study resistance to AMP was 19.5%, however, in Azarbaijan [20], the percentage was higher, 52.5%. The AMR against amikacin was low (2.4%) which is similar to other studies in Portugal 2.7% [19] and Brazil 4% [20].…”

“…This resistance pattern could be due because a single microorganism usually harbors many factors that modulate the expression of β -lactamases and that depending on the environmental conditions can activate or repress the expression of different genes involved in resistance to these antibiotic [30][31][32][33] The levels of AMR against tetracycline were 56% similar results were found in sheep slaughtered in abattoirs in Portugal 52.1% [19] and Azarbaijan [20] with 60%. In this study resistance to AMP was 19.5%, however, in Azarbaijan [20], the percentage was higher, 52.5%. The AMR against amikacin was low (2.4%) which is similar to other studies in Portugal 2.7% [19] and Brazil 4% [20].…”

“…The level of AMR has reached critical levels in the last years, while a controversial application of antimicrobials as growth promoters in small ruminants like sheep and goats continues in some countries [19,20,26,27]. One of the most polemic applications of antimicrobials is their use to promote growth in small ruminants such as sheep and goats; which has raised concerns about its contribution to the presence of resistant bacteria in humans and there is substantial evidence that the use of antimicrobial agents for cattle could exert selection pressure for resistance to occur in CEC [3,4] The report of CEC isolates with serotypes associated with diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome and with considerable percentages of resistance to antibiotics could show that CEC isolates are not exclusive to any animal species or human; and that an adequate characterization of E. coli strains must be complementary to the identification of phylogenetic groups and virulence factors in order to determine whether these isolates are potentially pathogenic or not.…”

Incidence of Yersina enterocolitica in sheep in the south region of Iraq

“…Moreover approximate low rates of infection (3%, 1%) in sheep were reported in Egypt and Nigeria (21 and 22). Furthermore in Iran (Neighboring country) the isolation‫ـ‬ rate of Yersinia infection in sheep was higher (16%) than our finding (23). The variation in the incidence of Y. enterocolitica appeared approximately identical to other enteric enterobacteriacae infections, however many factors might influence the rate of infection: Geographical locations, management, ages, seasons, weather and isolation techniques (24).…”