Occupational Health and Toxicological Aspects of Nanomaterials

Abstract

Nanotechnology is a broad and rapidly developing field resulting in the inclusion of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) into a number of products, applications, and processes. Due to the increased usage and production of ENMs, they represent an emerging exposure of toxicological concern among workers during ENM manufacturing and handling. The major routes of ENM exposure in occupational settings include inhalation, dermal contact, and potential ingestion. To date, a limited number of exposure assessments have been performed in industrial settings and few specific regulatory guidelines have been established. An increasing number of toxicology evaluations have suggested the potential for various adverse effects following ENM exposure. For example, in industrial settings, workers with longer exposures to ENMs have higher incidences of lung diseases, gastrointestinal tract alteration, hepatic injuries, reproductive failure, and neurological disorders. This chapter specifically focuses on ENMs that are currently or projected to be highly utilized in industrial settings including carbon nanotubes, graphene, fullerene, zinc oxide, silver, titanium oxide, cerium oxide, gold, and iron oxide. For each of these ENMs current suggested regulatory standards are provided. Further, findings from exposure assessment studies are described to determine exposure risks related to distinct ENMs and specific duties in the workplace. Toxicity data from human and animal studies are included to identify biological responses and adverse health effects potentially related to distinct ENM exposures. Throughout the chapter, critical gaps in our knowledge in regard to workplace ENM exposures and risk are highlighted.