Occupational exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals and other parental risk factors in hypospadias and cryptorchidism development: a case–control study

Abstract

Aim of the StudyEndocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) are exogenous agents that are capable of altering the endocrine system functions, including the regulation of developmental processes. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) exposure and other parental factors in the aetiology of hypospadias and cryptorchidism. MethodsA case-control study was conducted. Cases ( 210) were infants between 6 months and 14 years of age diagnosed with hypospadias or cryptorchidism attended in our hospital over a period of 18 months, and controls (210), infants within the same range of age and without any urological disorders who attended the outpatient clinic of the same hospital during the same. Their selection was independent of exposures. Data on parental occupational exposure to EDC and other sociodemographic variables were collected by face-to-face interviews and systematically for both cases and controls. Crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) were estimated to control for confounding with their 95% CI by means of logistic regressions. Specifically, three final models of dichotomous outcome were constructed: one for cryptorchidism, one for hypospadias, and the third considering both malformations together. Hosmer-Lemeshow test was used to assess the goodness-of-fit of the models. Their discriminatory accuracy (DA) was ascertained by estimating their areas under the receiver-operating-characteristics (ROC) curves (AUC) along with their 95%CI. ResultsAssociations were found between advanced maternal age (OR adjusted=1,82; 95%CI: 1,14-2,92), mother´s consumption of antiabortives (OR=5.40; 1.40-38.5) and other drugs (OR=2.02;

Maternal smoking during pregnancy and the risk of congenital urogenital malformations: A systematic review and meta-analysis

“…( Figure 4 ) displays the significantly increased risk of hypospadias associated with maternal smoking during pregnancy. There were 12 studies ( 21 , 34 , 35 , 37 , 41 , 45 , 47 , 50 – 52 , 55 , 66 ) to evaluate the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and the risk of hypospadias (OR = 1.16, 95%CI: 1.01–1.33, p = 0.039). The random effects model was used as there was significant heterogeneity (I 2 = 53.4%).…”

The Role of Maternal and Environmental Factors During Pregnancy on the Risk of Hypospadias Occurrence

“…Most of these exogenous chemical substances are lipophilic and remain in the body fat for years; these agents may be exposed to the fetus from the placenta. 10 …”

“…Most of these chemical substances are man-made, such as the industrial pollutant, pesticides, plastics, and cosmetic products. 10 …”

Open controversies on the treatment of undescended testis: An update

“…The results showed that perinatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB)-74, PCB-114, PCB-194, and β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH) was associated with an increased risk of congenital cryptorchidism. Estors et al ( 13 ) conducted a case–control study of 103 boys with cryptorchidism and 107 boys with hypospadias. The results showed that old age, parental occupational exposure to EDs, drug abuse, smoking, and paternal history of urinary disease may increase the risk and predict the development of these malformations.…”