Occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields in magnetic resonance environment: an update on regulation, exposure assessment techniques, health risk evaluation, and surveillance

Hartwig, Valentina; Virgili, Giorgio; Mattei, Francesca; Biagini, C; Romeo, Stefania; Zeni, Olga; Scarfì, Maria Rosaria; Massa, Rita; Campanella, F.; Landini, Luigi; Gobba, Fabriziomaria; Modenese, Alberto; Giovannetti, Giulio

doi:10.1007/s11517-021-02435-6

Cited by 11 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 139 publications

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“…Several medical studies demonstrated that EMFs could cause several serious diseases, especially in the nervous system. [64][65][66][67] It could be argued that this poses a significant risk for the seafarers who are exposed to these adverse effects for long periods of time.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electromagnetic field effects of marine radar systems on the ship crew

Özdemir

2022

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part M:

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Marine radars become the sources of electromagnetic pollution during navigation and anchor watchkeeping. In several scientific studies, it was reported that electromagnetic fields could lead to several serious diseases, especially in the nervous system. In the current study, electromagnetic pollution is measured at different points on ships of various tonnage and types to identify electromagnetic pollution induced by marine radars. During these measurements, SRM 3006 compact spectrum analyzer (Narda Safety Test Solutions GmbH, Germany) that was operated within the 400 MHz–6 GHz frequency range was employed with a triaxial antenna. Then, the measurement results were compared with the benchmark published by ICNIRP (International Committee on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection), and electromagnetic pollution levels induced by marine radar antennas and possible negative consequences for the crew were analyzed.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electromagnetic field effects of marine radar systems on the ship crew

Özdemir

2022

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part M:

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“…When the currents are strong enough, they can cause effects on the central nervous system (CNS) and stimulate peripheral nerves. Recent studies have reported transient symptoms induced by workers' movements [12][13][14][15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occupational Exposure Assessment of the Static Magnetic Field Generated by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Case Study

Hartwig

Sansotta

Morelli

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Magnetic resonance (MR) systems are used in academic research laboratories and industrial research fields, besides representing one of the most important imaging modalities in clinical radiology. This technology does not use ionizing radiation, but it cannot be considered without risks. These risks are associated with the working principle of the technique, which mainly involves static magnetic fields that continuously increase—namely, the radiofrequency (RF) field and spatial magnetic field gradient. To prevent electromagnetic hazards, the EU and ICNIRP have defined workers’ exposure limits. Several studies that assess health risks for workers and patients of diagnostic MR are reported in the literature, but data on workers’ risk evaluation using nuclear MR (NMR) spectroscopy are very poor. Therefore, the aim of this research is the risk assessment of an NMR environment, paying particular attention to workers with active implantable medical devices (AIMDs). Our perspective study consisted of the measurement of the static magnetic field around a 300 MHz (7 T) NMR research spectrometer and the computation of the electric field induced by the movements of an operator. None of the calculated exposure parameters exceeded the threshold limits imposed by legislation for protection against short-term effects of acute occupational exposure, but our results revealed that the level of exposure exceeded the action level threshold limit for workers with AIMD during the execution of tasks requiring the closest proximity to the spectrometer. Moreover, the strong dependence of the induced electric field results from the walking speed models is shown. This case study represents a snapshot of the NMR risk assessment with the specific goal to increase the interest in the safety of NMR environments.

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“… 5–8 Magnetic fields freely penetrate biological tissues and are ubiquitously and safely used in magnetic resonance imaging. 9 Approaches have been developed for directing MNP movement using various electromagnetic field configurations. 10–12 Yet few studies have reported simultaneous, side-by-side comparisons of multiple types of MNPs, to directly assess their relative suitability for in vivo studies of drug delivery or dispersion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parallel Multichannel Assessment of Rotationally Manipulated Magnetic Nanoparticles

Hussain

Mair

Willis

et al. 2022

NSA

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Background Rotational manipulation of chains or clusters of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) offers a means for directed translation and payload delivery that should be explored for clinical use. Multiple MNP types are available, yet few studies have performed side-by-side comparisons to evaluate characteristics such as velocity, movement at a distance, and capacity for drug conveyance or dispersion. Purpose Our goal was to design, build, and study an electric device allowing simultaneous, multichannel testing (e.g., racing) of MNPs in response to a rotating magnetic field. We would then select the “best” MNP and use it with optimized device settings, to transport an unbound therapeutic agent. Methods A magnetomotive system was constructed, with a Helmholtz pair of coils on either side of a single perpendicular coil, on top of which was placed an acrylic tray having multiple parallel lanes. Five different MNPs were tested: graphene-coated cobalt MNPs (TurboBeads™), nickel nanorods, gold-iron alloy MNPs, gold-coated Fe 3 O 4 MNPs, and uncoated Fe 3 O 4 MNPs. Velocities were determined in response to varying magnetic field frequencies (5–200 Hz) and heights (0–18 cm). Velocities were normalized to account for minor lane differences. Doxorubicin was chosen as the therapeutic agent, assayed using a CLARIOstar Plus microplate reader. Results The MMS generated a maximal MNP velocity of 0.9 cm/s. All MNPs encountered a “critical” frequency at 20–30 Hz. Nickel nanorods had the optimal response based on tray height and were then shown to enable unbound doxorubicin dispersion along 10.5 cm in <30 sec. Conclusion A rotating magnetic field can be conveniently generated using a three-coil electromagnetic device, and used to induce rotational and translational movement of MNP aggregates over mesoscale distances. The responses of various MNPs can be compared side-by-side using multichannel acrylic trays to assess suitability for drug delivery, highlighting their potential for further in vivo applications.

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Occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields in magnetic resonance environment: an update on regulation, exposure assessment techniques, health risk evaluation, and surveillance

Cited by 11 publications

References 139 publications

Electromagnetic field effects of marine radar systems on the ship crew

Electromagnetic field effects of marine radar systems on the ship crew

Occupational Exposure Assessment of the Static Magnetic Field Generated by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Case Study

Parallel Multichannel Assessment of Rotationally Manipulated Magnetic Nanoparticles

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